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Developmental Psychology > Adolescence week 6 chapter 8 > Flashcards

Adolescence week 6 chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

changes in physiology, anatomy
and physical functioning that
develop a person into a mature
adult biologically and prepare
the body for sexual reproduction

A

puberty

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2
Q

sex hormones that have especially
high levels in females from
puberty onwards; they are mostly
responsible for female primary
and secondary sex characteristics

A

oestrogens

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3
Q

sex hormones that have especially
high levels in males from puberty
onwards; they are mostly
responsible for male primary and
secondary sex characteristics

A

androgens

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4
Q

the oestrogen most important in
pubertal development among girls

A

oestradiol

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5
Q

the androgen most important in
pubertal development among boys

A

testosterone

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6
Q

production of eggs (ova) and
sperm and the development of
the sex organs

A

primary sex characteristics

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7
Q

bodily changes of puberty not
directly related to reproduction

A

secondary sex characteristics

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8
Q

first menstrual period

A

menarche

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9
Q

beginning of development of
sperm in boys’ testicles at puberty

A

spermarche

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10
Q

During middle childhood, the proportion of fat in the body gradually increases, and once a
threshold level is reached, a series of chemical events is triggered beginning in the _____

A

hypothalamus

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11
Q

There are two classes of sex hormones, the _____ and
the ____.

A

oestrogens, androgens

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12
Q

With respect to pubertal development, the most important oestrogen is ____and the most important androgen is testosterone

A

oestradiol, testosterone

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13
Q

By the mid-teens, oestradiol production is about _ times as high in females as it was before
puberty, but only about twice as high in males

A

8

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14
Q

In contrast, testosterone
production in males is about __ times as high by the mid-teens as it was before puberty, but in
females it is only about 4 times as high

A

20

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15
Q

what Two kinds of changes take place in the body in response to increased sex hormones during
puberty.

A

Primary sex characteristics & Secondary sex characteristics

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16
Q

The development of ova and sperm takes place quite differently. Females are born with all the eggs they will ever have, and they have about _____ eggs in their ovaries at
the time they reach puberty

A

300000

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17
Q

Females release about ___ ova in the course of their reproductive lives

A

400

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18
Q

There are between ___ and ___ million sperm inthe typical male ejaculation

A

100 and 300

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19
Q

In addition to the hormonal changes and development of primary and secondary sex characteristics,
there are important _____ changes taking place during adolescence

A

neurological

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20
Q

Now scientists have learned
that a sharp increase in synaptic connections occurs around the time puberty begins (10–12
years), a process called ____

A

overproduction or exuberance

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21
Q

Overproduction of synaptic connections occurs in
many parts of the brain during adolescence but is especially concentrated in the ____

A

frontal lobes

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22
Q

between the ages of 12 and 20, the average brain loses___ of its volume
through synaptic pruning

A

7–10%

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23
Q

Research using fMRI methods shows that ___ is especially rapid in adolescents with high intelligence

A

synaptic pruning

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24
Q

last structure of the brain to stop
growing, not completing its phase of overproduction and pruning until the mid-20s

A

cerebellum

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25
Q

change in the characteristics of
a population over time

A

secular trend

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26
Q

formal custom developed in many cultures to mark the departure from childhood and the entrance into adolescence

A

puberty ritual

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27
Q

eating disorder characterised by
intentional self-starvation

A

anorexia nervosa

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28
Q

eating disorder characterised by
episodes of binge eating
followed by purging (self
induced vomiting)

A

bulimia

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29
Q

in Piaget’s theory, cognitive stage
beginning at age 11 in which
people learn to think
systematically about possibilities
and hypotheses

A

formal operations

30
Q

Piaget’s term for the process of
applying scientific thinking to
cognitive tasks

A

hypothetical-deductive
reasoning

31
Q

ability to focus on more than
one task at a time

A

divided attention

32
Q

capacity to think about thinking

A

metacognition

33
Q

type of egocentrism in which
adolescents have difficulty
distinguishing their thinking
about their own thoughts from
their thinking about the thoughts
of others

A

adolescent egocentrism

34
Q

belief that others are acutely
aware of and attentive to one’s
appearance and behaviour

A

imaginary audience

35
Q

belief in one’s personal
uniqueness, often including a
sense of invulnerability to the
consequences of taking risks

A

personal fable

36
Q

school attended during
adolescence, after primary school

A

secondary school

37
Q

learning by memorisation and
repetition

A

rote learning

38
Q

the practice of coercing or
forcing people to engage in sex
work

A

commercial sexual
exploitation

39
Q

person’s perception of the self as it is, contrasted with the possible self

A

actual self

40
Q

person’s conceptions of the self as it potentially may be; may include both an ideal self and a
feared self

A

possible self

41
Q

person one would like to be

A

ideal self

42
Q

person one imagines it is possible to become but dreads becoming

A

feared self

43
Q

self a person may present to others while realising that it does not represent what they are actually
thinking and feeling

A

false self

44
Q

eight subscales on specific domains of self-concept

A

scholastic competence
social acceptance
athletic competence
physical appearance
job competence
romantic appeal
behavioural conduct
close friendship

45
Q

research has found that ____ is most strongly related to global self-esteem,
followed by social acceptance from peers

A

physical appearance

46
Q

hypothesis that psychological and behavioural differences between males and females become
more pronounced at adolescence because of intensified socialisation pressures to conform to
culturally prescribed gender roles

A

gender-intensification hypothesis

47
Q

Kohlberg viewed _____ as based on cognitive development
and believed that moral thinking changes in predictable ways as cognitive abilities develop, regardless of
culture

A

moral development

48
Q

What are kohlbergs 3 stages of moral develpment?

A

level 1. Preconventional reasoning,
level 2. Conventional reasoning,
level 3. Postconventional reasoning

49
Q

first level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, in which moral reasoning is
based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments

A

preconventional reasoning

50
Q

second level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, in which moral reasoning is
based on the expectations of others

A

conventional reasoning

51
Q

third level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, in which moral reasoning is
based on the individual’s own independent judgments rather than on what others view
as wrong or right

A

postconventional reasoning

52
Q

the cultural-developmental approach code people’s responses to moral issues
according to three types of ‘ethics’ rooted in different worldviews:

A

The Ethic of Autonomy,
The Ethic of Community,
The Ethic of Divinity

53
Q

defines the individual as the primary moral authority. Individuals are
viewed as having a right to do as they wish so long as their behaviour does not harm others.

A

The
Ethic of Autonomy

54
Q

defines individuals as members of social groups to which they have
commitments and obligations. In this ethic, the responsibilities of roles in the family, community
and other groups are the basis of one’s moral judgments.

A

the
Ethic of Community

55
Q

defines the individual as a spiritual entity, subject to the prescriptions of a
divine authority. This ethic includes moral views based on traditional religious authorities and
religious texts

A

The
Ethic of Divinity

56
Q

based on non-religious beliefs and values

A

secular

57
Q

quality of being independent and self-sufficient, capable of thinking for one’s self

A

autonomy

58
Q

The crowd recognised as having the highest social status in the
school

A

Elites

59
Q

Sport-oriented students, usually members of at least one sports team.

A

Athletes

60
Q

Known for striving for good grades and for being
socially inept.

A

Academics

61
Q

Alienated from the school social environment, suspected by
other students of using illicit drugs and engaging in other risky activities.

A

Deviants

62
Q

Students who do not stand out in any particular way, neither
positively nor negatively; mostly ignored by other students

A

Others

63
Q

delinquent who shows a pattern of problems from birth onwards and whose problems continue
into adulthood

A

life-course-persistent delinquent (LCPD)

64
Q

delinquent who shows no evidence of problems prior to adolescence and whose delinquent
behaviour in adolescence is temporary

A

adolescence-limited delinquent (ALD)

65
Q

enduring period of sadness, without any other related symptoms of depression

A

depressed mood

66
Q

clinical diagnosis that includes a range of specific symptoms such as depressed mood, appetite
disturbances, sleeping disturbances and fatigue

A

major depressive disorder

67
Q

to think persistently about bad feelings and experiences

A

ruminate

68
Q

overcoming adverse environmental circumstances and achieving healthy development despite
those circumstances

A

resilience

69
Q

characteristics of young people that are related to lower likelihood of problems despite
experiencing high-risk circumstances

A

protective factors

70
Q
A

Developmental Psychology (8 decks)

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