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BMED2406 > Adrenal gland > Flashcards

Adrenal gland Flashcards

1
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotrophic hormone

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2
Q

What are the actions of cortisol?

A
  • Carbohydrate metabolism
  • Protein metabolism
  • Fat metabolism
  • Vascular reactivity
  • Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity
  • permissive effect for normoglycemia
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3
Q

What type hormone is cortisol?

A

catabolic hormone - tends to cause release of stored nutrients

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4
Q

Carbohydrate metabolism

A
  • promotes gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis
  • liver: there is an increase in G6Phosphatase (allows glucose to go back into blood)
  • decrease rate of glucose utilisation by cells such as muscle and adipose tissue
    dec. NADH oxidation, transport of glucose into muscle and ultilisation of glucose peripherally)

Thus overall increase glucose in blood

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5
Q

Cortisol action - Protein metabolism

A

Liver: increase protein enzyme synthesis and AA transport (for gluconeogenesis)

In other cells: decrease in protein in cells (decrease protein synthesis and AA transport) but in incr. in catabolism so these AA cna be used for making glucose

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6
Q

Action of cortisol on fat

A

incr. lipolysis (in adipose tissue)

incr. free fatty acids, glycerol (to liver for gluconeogenesis)

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7
Q

Action of cortisol - vascular reactivity

A

increases responsiveness of blood vessels to catecholamines, angiotensin i.e. vasocontriction

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8
Q

immunosuppressive and anti-inflammmatory activity

A

only suppress when pharmacological dose is around

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9
Q

Permissive effect for normoglycemia

A

cortisol is necessary for glucagon to produce gluconeogenesis

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10
Q

circadian rhythm

A

levels of cortisol vary during the day - lowest at midnight to 4am

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11
Q

what hormones combined give highest BG

A

when glucagon, epinephrine and cortisol are combined results in the highest BG

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12
Q

Comparison between insulin and cortisol (opposite)

  • Carbohydrates
  • fat - lipolysis
  • glucose uptake into muscle
  • protein synthesis in muscle
A

Carb- gluconeogenesis:

  • I inhibits
  • C stimulates

Fat:

  • I inhibits
  • C- stimulates

Protein synthesis:

  • I stimulates
  • C inhibits

Glucose uptake:

  • I stimulates
  • C inhibits

Glycogen synthesis: both are stimulated

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13
Q

effect of aldosterone on Urinary sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion

A

incr. Na reabsorption

incr. K secretion

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14
Q

effect of aldosterone on water reabsorption

A

incr. water reabsorption

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15
Q

effect of aldosterone on blood pressure + ECF

A

increases both

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16
Q

Adrenal pathophysiology

A
  1. cushing’s disease
  2. addison’s disease
  3. Conn’s syndrome
17
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A
  • excess of cortisol
  • hyperglycemia
  • hypertension
  • insulin resistance
  • abd. fat
18
Q

Addison’s disease

A
  • deficiency due to cortisol and aldosterone
  • hypoglycemia
  • high blood K
19
Q

clinical use of glucocorticods

A

rheumatoid arthritis

asthma

20
Q

effects of GC

A

Clinical effects:

  • anti-inflammatory
  • anti-allergic
  • pain relief

negatives:

  • cardiovascular
  • skin thinning
  • weight gain
21
Q

Adrenal catecolamines

  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
A

Target cells: heart, BV, pancreatic endocrine cells

Response: incr. BG, activate fight or flight, incr. glucagon and decr. insulin secretion

22
Q

short term stress respons

A

cataecholamines released (CRH)

  1. incr. HR –> BP incr
  2. liver converts glycagon ot glucose –> Inc. BG
  3. dilation of bronchioles
  4. changes in blood flow patterns, incr. alertness and dec. urine ouput
23
Q

Long term response

A
  • retention of sodium and water by kidneys
  • increase BV and BP
    • proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy
    • increased blood sugar
    • suppression of immune system
24
Q

adrenaline and glucagon

A 
• Both stimulate gluconeogenesis
mainly in liver
• Both stimulate
glycogenolysis, glucagon
mainly in liver
• Muscle glycogen not able
to release glucose into
blood as no phosphatase
• Both stimulate lipolysis
• Glucagon stimulates
ketogenesis in liver
• Neither stimulates protein
breakdown
25
Q

cortisol and growth hormone

A 
Both stimulate gluconeogenesis
• Both stimulate lipolysis
• Cortisol stimulates protein
breakdown in muscle +
other tissue but enzyme
synthesis in liver
• Cortisol stimulates
glycogen synthesis in liver
• Growth hormone
stimulates protein
synthesis
• Both decrease glucose
uptake in muscle and fat

BMED2406 (5 decks)

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