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Endocrinology > Adrenal Gland and Pancreas Anatomy and Histology (exocrine pancreas) + Abdominal Anatomy > Flashcards

Adrenal Gland and Pancreas Anatomy and Histology (exocrine pancreas) + Abdominal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the pancreatic endocrine function come from?

A

Islets of Langerhans

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2
Q

What are the different types of cells and their % found in the islet of Langerhans?

A

alpha-cell 20%
beta-cell 75%
detla-cell 4%
polypeptide 1%

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3
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located relative to the kidney?

A

Adrenal glands are closely applied to the upper pole of each kidney

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4
Q

What type of tissue is the adrenal gland?

A

Endocrine tissue

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5
Q

How many functional layers does the adrenal gland contain? And what are they embryological origins?

A

2 layers

Outer cortex derived from the mesoderm (similar to gonads)

Inner medulla derived from ectoderm (similar to SNS)

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6
Q

Where is the adrenal cortex derived from? What other structure is also derived from that region?

A

Medulla

Gonads

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7
Q

Where is the adrenal medulla derived from? What other structure is also derived from that region?

A

Ectoderm

Sympathetic nervous system

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8
Q

What type of hormone does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Steroid hormones

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9
Q

List the steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex, and give an example of each and their action

A

Mineralocorticoids secreted from zona glomerulosa - e.g. aldosterone - fluid and electrolyte homeostasis

Glucocorticoids secreted from the zona fasciculata and reticularis - e.g. cortisol - carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism

Sex hormones secreted from the zona fasciculata and reticularis - e.g. testosterone and oesterogen

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10
Q

Where is the adrenal medulla derived from? What other structure is also derived from that region?

A

Ectoderm

SNS

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11
Q

What kind of hormones doe the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Catecholamines

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline

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12
Q

What controls the secretion of glucocorticoid hormone (e.g. cortisol)?

A

Hypothalamas via the anterior pituitary via the secretion of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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13
Q

What controls the secretion of mineralocorticoid secretion?

A

Mineralocorticoid: Aldosterone

RAAS

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14
Q

What are the two layers of the adrenal cortex? How do they different histologically?

A

Outer cortex (stained darker) and inner medulla

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15
Q

What surrounds the adrenal gland?

A

Dense fibrous capsule which provides external support for the delicate collagenous framework supporting the secretory cells

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16
Q

What are the subdivisions of the adrenal cortex? And describe them histologically

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa - beneath capsule; secretory cells arranged in round clusters
  2. Zona fasciculatis - intermediate layer; parallel cords of secretory cells
  3. Zona reticularis - adjacent to medulla; small closely packed cells arranged in irrecular cords
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17
Q

Where are mineralocorticoid hormones secreted from? Give an example

A

Zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

e.g. aldosterone

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18
Q

What controls the secretion of aldosterone?

A

Aldosterone is controlled by RAAS
RAAS in turn is regulated by the macula densa which if it detects a decline in NaCl will increase renin secretion by the granular (juxtaglomerular) cells

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19
Q

What triggers RAAS activation in the kidney? And How?

A

Macula Densa
Detected decreased flow and decrease NaCl
Releases Renin via granular (JG) cells

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20
Q

Lipid droplets give the cytoplasm a ______ appearance

A

foamy

clear

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21
Q

where is glucocorticoid hormones secreted from? Give an example

A

Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Cortisol

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22
Q

Where are sex hormones secreted from in the adrenal glands? Give an example

A

Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

Androgens (testosterone and oestrogen)

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23
Q

Describe briefly the histological appearance of the adrenal medulla

A

Composed of closely packed clusters of secretory cells

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24
Q

What main vein drains the adrenal glands?

A

Central medullary vein

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25
Q

Are lipids found in the adrenal medulla?

A

No.

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26
Q

What is secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A

Catacholamines

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

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27
Q

Where are adrenaline and noradrenaline secreted from

A

adrenal medulla

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28
Q

What kind of hormones are adrenaline and noradrenaline? What is this similar to?

A

Catecholamines

S-ANS

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29
Q

What is the action of adrenaline?

A

Adrenaline has a potent metabolic effect including the promotion of glycogenolysis in the liver and skeletal muscle, therefore releasing a readily available energy source during stress situations

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30
Q

Where are the endocrine pancreatic cells found?

A

Scattered throughout the exocine glandular tissue

Most numerous in the tail of the pancreas

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31
Q

What is the endocrine pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhans

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32
Q

Where are most of the Islets of Langerhans found in the pancreas?

A

Tail (adjacent to spleen)

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33
Q

What are the cells and their % and secretion of the endocrine pancreas

A

Alpha cells 70% - insulin - respond to hyperglycaemia, promote glucose uptake via GLUT4

Beta cells 25% - glucagon - respond to hypoglycaemia promote glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Delta cells 4% - somatostatin - GI function and inhibit alpha and beta secretions

Polypeptide cells 1% - polypeptide hormone

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34
Q

Define endocrine

A

Relating to or denoting glands which secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood.

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35
Q

Define exocrine

A

Relating to or denoting glands which secrete their products through ducts opening on to an epithelium rather than directly into the blood.

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36
Q

What are other functions of insulin and glucagon on the body?

A

Wide variety of effects on energy metabolism, growth and development

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37
Q

What surrounds the islets of Langerhans?

A

Delicate capsules

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38
Q

How are the islets of Langerhans histologically different from exocrine cells? And why?

A

Pale/lighter than exocrine

Exocrine cells contain greater amount of rER as they synthesis and secrete proteins

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39
Q

What kind of hormone is insulin?

A

Peptide

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40
Q

Where is insulin synthesised?

A

Beta pancreatic cell at the rER

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41
Q

Whats the insulin synthesis pathway?

A
  1. Preproinsulin synthesised at eER
  2. Cleaved to form proinsulin
  3. Proinsulin cleaved at Golgi apparatus to form insulin
  4. Insulin is packaged in vesicles and remains in cytoplasm until secretion
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42
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

Elongated accessory digestive gland

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43
Q

Where was the pancreas lie? And what are its relations

A

Lies retroperitoneally and transversely across the posterior abdominal wall

Posterior to the stomach

Between the duodenum on the right and the spleen on the left

44
Q

Is the pancreas retroperitoneally or periotoneal?

A

Retroperitoneally

45
Q

What lies anterior to the pancreas?

A

Stomach

Root of transverse colon

46
Q

What two organs are on either side of the pancreas?

A

Head of pancreas on the descending duodenum

Tail of pancreas on the hilum of spleen

47
Q

What is/Where do pancreatic exocrine secretions come from?

A

Pancreatic juice from acinar cells, which enters the duodenum

48
Q

What is/Where do pancreatic endocrine secretions come from?

A

Glucagon and insulin
From islets of Langerhans
Enter the blood

49
Q

Where is the head of the pancreas?

A

Embraced by the C-shaped curve of the duodenum

50
Q

What is the uncinate process?

A

A projection from the inferior part of the head of the pancreas
It extends medially to the left, posterior to the SMA

51
Q

Where is the uncinate process relative to the SMA?

A

Posterior

52
Q

Where is the SMA relative to the uncinate process?

A

Anterior

53
Q

What overlies anteriorly the superior mesenteric vessels ?

A

Neck of pancreas

54
Q

What is anterior to the hepatic portal vein?

A

Neck of pancreas

55
Q

What is closely related to the tail of the pancreas?

A

Hilum of the spleen and the left colic flexure

56
Q

Where does the main pancreatic duct begin?

A

Tail of pancreas

57
Q

What does the main pancreatic duct run through?

A

Begins in the tail of the pancreas and runs through the parenchyma of the gland to the head, where it turns inferiorly and merges with the bile duct

58
Q

What does the main pancreatic duct merge with?

A

Bile duct

59
Q

What does the main pancreatic duct merge with and what does it form?

A

pancreatic duct + bile duct = hepatopancreatic ampulla (of Vatar)
Short dilated ampulla

60
Q

Where does the hepatopancreatic ampulla open into?

A

into the d.duodenum at the greater duodenal papilla

61
Q

What opens at the greater duodenal papilla?

A

Ampulla of Vatar

62
Q

What lies superior to the greater duodenal ampulla?

A

Lesser duodenal ampulla?

63
Q

What controls the pancreatic juice secretion into the duodenum?

A

Hepatopancreatic sphincter (of Oddi)

64
Q

What is the accessory pancreatic duct?

A

Drains the uncinate process and the inferior head of the pancreas and opens into the duodenum at the lesser duodenal papilla

65
Q

Outline bile drainage.

A

L and R hepatic ducts for the common hepatic duct

Cystic duct from the gall badder joints the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct

Common bile duct runs posteriorly to the superior duodenum and crosses the poster surface of the head of the pancreas or is embedded into its parenchyma

Common bile duct joints the main pancreatic duct forming the hepatopancreatic ampulla (of Vatar)

Ampulla of Vatar opens into the duodenum via the greater duodenal papilla controlled by the sphincter of Oddi

66
Q

What is the arterial supply to the pancreas?

A

The pancreatic arteries derived mainly from branches of the splenic artery

Main pancreatic artery: greater pancreatic artery

67
Q

What drains the pancreas?

A

The pancreatic veins are tributaries of the splenic vein

68
Q

What is the functional unit of the exocrine pancreas?

A

Pancreatic acini

69
Q

What is the function of pancreatic acini?

A

Exocrine pancreas
Therefore, synthesise, store, and secrete digestive enzymes
Protein-secreting cels (zymogenic)

70
Q

What type of epithelium lines the exocrine pancreatic ducts?

A

Smaller ducts: simple cuboidal epithelium

Larger ducts: stratified cuboidal epithelium

71
Q

What organelle is mostly found in acinar cells? And why?

A

eER for protein synthesis

72
Q

Do the cells lining the acinar duct secrete anything?

A

water and HCO3-

73
Q

Outline what surrounds the kidneys and adrenal glands

A

Perinpehric fat (capsule) surrounds the kidneys and adrenal glands and it is continuous with the renal sinus

Kidneys, adrenal glands, and perinephric fat are enclosed (expect inferiorly) by a membrane layer of ranal fascia

External to the fascia is the paranephric fat

74
Q

What immediately surrounds the kidneys and adrenal glands?

A

Perinephric fat

75
Q

What is perinephric fat continuous with?

A

Renal sinus

76
Q

What seperates the perinephric and paranephric fat layers?

A

membrane layer of renal fascia

77
Q

What is the anatomical location of the adrenal glands?

A

Located between the superiomedial aspect of the kidnsy and the diaphragmatic crura where they are surrounded by connective tissue containing considerable perinephric fat

78
Q

Where is the adrenal glands relative to the kidneys?

A

Superior medial aspect of the kidneys

79
Q

What is the diaphragmatic crura?

A

Musculotendious bundles that arise from the anterior surfaces of the 3 lumbar vertebrae, the anterior longitudinal ligament, and the IV discs.

Structures that extend below the diaphragm to the vertebra

80
Q

What’s the difference between the right and left crus of the diaphragm?

A

Right is larger and longer than left

81
Q

What are the crura united by?

A

Median arurate ligament, which passes over the anterior surface of the aorta

82
Q

What does the median arcuate ligament pass over?

A

Anterior surface of the aorta as the aorta travels through the aortic hiatus

83
Q

What encloses the adrenal glands?

A

renal fascia

84
Q

How are the kidneys attached to the crura?

A

via renal fascia

85
Q

What separates the kidneys and adrenal glands?

A

Fibrous tissue

86
Q

What are the relations of the right adrenal gland?

A

Right adrenal gland lies anteriorly to the diaphragm and makes contract with the IVC anteriomedially and the liver anteriolaterally

87
Q

What are the relations of the left adrenal gland

A

Spleen
Stomach
Pancreas
Left crus of the diaphragm

88
Q

What are spongiocytes?

A

In the human endocrine system, a spongiocyte is a cell in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex containing lipid droplets that show pronounced vacuolization.

89
Q

What does Sudan Black stain demonstrates?

A

Content of cholesterol/lipids within the cytoplasm of the cell.

Could reflect the metabolic precursor of the glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol) synthesised and released by zona fascicularis cells

90
Q

What is the size of a RBC?

A

7-8 µm

91
Q

What are the diameter of the blood vessels between the columns of secretory regions in the islet of Langerhans?

A

8 µm

92
Q

Where does the adrenal medulla recieve blood from?

A
  1. From the capillaries and sinusoids of the adrenal cortex

2. From arterioles passing from the capsule to the medulla

93
Q

Adrenal medullary neurosecretory cells show a characteristic change in the colour stains used, the so-called Vulpian reaction. What does this depend on?

A

Exposure of the cell during staining to potassium dichromate after fixation in ferric chloride

94
Q

Where does the pancreas lie (2)?

A

Retroperitoneal in the “stomach bed”

95
Q

What type of capillary is found in the capillary beds of the islet of langerhans?

A

Fenestrated capillaries

96
Q

The cortex of the adrenal gland develops from…

A

Mesoderm (primitive mesothelium)

97
Q

The medullar of the adrenal gland develops from?

A

Ectoderm (neural crest - primitive autonomic ganglion tissue)

98
Q

From what type of tissue of the capsule of the adrenal gland formed?

A

Fibrous connective tissue

99
Q

What tissue lies outside the capsule? Give its gross anatomical name

A

Loos connective tissue containing white fat (unilocular adipose tissue)

Perinephric fat

100
Q

Does the staining of the zona glomerulosa different from the cells stained in the zona fasiculata

A

The zona glomerulosa is the outer most layer of the cortex

The staining differs, the glomerulosa cells stain more darkly with small dark grandules in the cytoplasm

101
Q

What is the 3D organisaion of the cells within the zona fasciculata?

A

2nd layer (intermediate) of the cortex

3D structure: radial columns of cells through most of the depth of the cortex

102
Q

Zona fasciculate cells appear pale in an H&E staining section an contain empty looking, small rounded profiles. An alternative name for these cells is spongiocytes.

What has be eluted out of these cells during the routine processing for histology?

A

Lipids and cholesterol

103
Q

What is the approximate diabetes of the blood vessels between columns of secretory cells in the cortex?

A

Fenestrated capillaries 7-8um

104
Q

What does the term reticularis tell you about the 3D organisation of secretory cells in the zona reticularis?

A

Secretory cells form a 3D network

105
Q

What feature allows you to recognise the islet of Langerhans?

A

Epithelial secretory cells form small groups/islets within the exocrine pancreas

106
Q

What can you say about the relative concentration of hormones within the blood entering the post-islet exocrine pancreas?

A

Very high.

107
Q

Does the relatively high concentration of insulin influence activity of any other bio-mechanisms apart from uptake of glucose by cells in the body?

A

Yes, increased production of insulin by beta-cells in the islets up-regulates synthesis of exocrine pancreatic digestive enzymes for release into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct

Endocrinology (11 decks)

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