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Theme 3 - 202 > Affective Disorders: Neurobiology and Treatment > Flashcards

Affective Disorders: Neurobiology and Treatment Flashcards

1
Q

What can a decrease in noradrenaline / serotonin lead to?

A

A depressive syndrome

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2
Q

What can lead to a decrease in noradrenaline and serotonin function?

A
  • Current stress
  • Genetic factors
  • Adverse childhood experiences
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3
Q

What is serotonin also known as?

A

5HT

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4
Q

What do traditional antidepressants affect?

A

Noradrenaline and serotonin systems

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5
Q

What do MAOIs stand for?

A

Monoamaine Oxidase Inhibitors

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6
Q

What kind of effects do MAOIs have?

A

Euphorigenic effects

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7
Q

What do TCAs stand for?

A

Tricyclic Antidepressants

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8
Q

What are examples of MAOIs?

A
  • Phenelzine

- Tranylcypromine

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9
Q

What are examples of TCAs?

A
  • Amytryptiline

- Clomipramine

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10
Q

With depressive syndromes, what is seen with the HPA axis and cortisol levels?

A

HPA axis is over-active, increasing CRH levels, then ACTH levels and finally cortisol levels.

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11
Q

What can an increased level of cortisol do to serotonin levels?

A

Decreases the amount of serotonin

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12
Q

What two systems do antidepressants target?

A

Serotonin and Noradrenaline systems

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13
Q

What can a decrease in serotonin levels do to its transporters?

A

Decreases the number of serotonin transporters present

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14
Q

What do the Raphe nuclei and Locus Coeruleus the source of?

A

Raphe nuclei is the source of serotonin

Locus Coeruleus is the source of noradrenaline

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15
Q

How do TCAs work and what are some of their side effects?

A

Inhibit the reuptake of monoamines

  • Constipation
  • Orthostatic hypotension (sudden drop in blood pressure when standing or sitting)
  • Dry mouth
  • Drowsiness
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16
Q

What are some side effects of MAOi?

A
  • Dry mouth
  • GI side effects
  • Headache
  • Drowsiness
  • Dizziness
17
Q

What can SSRIs be used to treat?

A
  • PTSD
  • Anxiety
  • OCD
18
Q

What is the toxicity of SSRIs, what would happen from overdose and what are some side effects?

A

Low toxicity and is safe in overdose

  • GI symptoms
  • Headache
  • Anxiety
  • Reduced libido / Sexual dysfunction
19
Q

How does the HPA axis control cortisol levels?

A

1) Stress causes the release of CRH from the hypothalamus
2) CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland
3) ACTH stimulates the release of cortisol (and other glucocorticoids) from the adrenal glands
4) Cortisol has a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus, so less CRH, and therefore ACTH and cortisol, gets released

20
Q

What is dexamethasone?

A

A synthetic glucocorticoid that is able to suppress the release of cortisol via a negative feedback effect

21
Q

What does chronic inflammation have a high co-morbodity with, and the administration of what can provoke this?

A

Depression

Administration of cytokines can provoke a depressive syndrome

22
Q

In depressed individuals, what happens to neural activity towards +ve and -ve stimuli?

A

Decreased activity towards +ve stimuli
Increased activity towards -ve stimuli

This means their attention gets focused towards -ve stimuli

23
Q

What is the short-term aim when treating bipolar disorder, and how would this be done?

A

Remission of symptoms by decreasing the length and severity of acute episodes

24
Q

What is the long-term aim when treating bipolar disorder?

A

Prevention of new episodes and controlling the chronic mood symptoms

25
Q

What makes Lithium good for the treatment of bipolar disorder and what are its limitations for its use?

A

Has anti-suicidal effects and ability to manage impulsive/violent behaviour. Can also prevent relapse.

Limitations are its risk for Li toxicity and long term effects on kidney function

26
Q

Antipsychotics are antagonists for what receptors and what effect do they have in treating bipolar disorder?

A

D2 and D3

Anti-manic effect

27
Q

What is an example of a first generation antipsychotic?

A

Haloperidol

28
Q

What type of drugs are valproate and lamatrogine and how do they treat bipolar disorder?

A

Anticonvulsants

Valproate acts on GABA, glutamate and Na+ channels and have an anti-manic effect

Lamatrogine works the same except it has an anti-depressive effect instead of an anti-manic effect

29
Q

What population of people can’t valproate be used on, and why?

A

Pregnant women because it is a teratogen

30
Q

What type of drug is carbamazepine and why can it be used to treat bipolar disorder?

A

Anticonvulsant and it works against manic relapse

Theme 3 - 202 (3 decks)

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