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Agrarian > Agriculture > Flashcards

Agriculture Flashcards

1
Q

This person used the term adaptive strategy to describe a group’s system of economic production.

A

Yehudi Cohen

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2
Q

Agriculture started around.

A

6000 years ago

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3
Q

Which of the following mode of production is associated with market economy?

A

Industrialism

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4
Q

Social stratification and specialization of labor became pronounced during.

A

Agrarian Society

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5
Q

The first center of plant domestication was found in.

A

Mesopotamia

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6
Q

Many horticulturists use animals as means of production.

A

False

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7
Q

All human societies have some kind of division of labor based on gender.

A

True

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8
Q

Horticultural societies tend to be more densely populated than are agricultural ones.

A

False

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9
Q

What do you call the field that is not permanently cultivated?

A

Slash-and-burn or shifting cultivation

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10
Q

Which of the following is considered the most advanced pre-industrial society.

A

Agriculture society

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11
Q

Food producing societies began to emerge around.

A

10,000 years ago

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12
Q

Which of the following is considered “food getting” mode of production?

A

Foraging

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13
Q

A system of writing began to be developed during.

A

Agrarian Society

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14
Q

Labor necessary to build and maintain a system of terraces is minimal.

A

False

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15
Q

The first animal domesticated by humans was.

A

Dogs

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16
Q

All foragers make social distinctions based on age

A

True

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17
Q

Intermediate economies, combining horticulture and agricultural features exist.

A

True

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18
Q

Corn was first domesticated by Indians in.

A

Mesoamerica

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19
Q

Foraging economies have relied on nature to make their living.

A

True

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20
Q

Coffee (Cofea arabica) was first domesticated in.

A

Ethiopia

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21
Q

taught us that our earth isn’t the center of the universe but merely one of billions of heavenly bodies.

A

Astronomy

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22
Q

The transition from food foraging to farming (what archaeologists call the ________ revolution) may have been the worst mistake in human history.

A

Neolithic

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23
Q

What we eat and how we eat are important both nutritionally and _____________.

A

culturally

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24
Q

With ______________ came the gross social and sexual inequality the disease and despotism, that curse our existence.

A

Agriculture

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25
Q

For most of our history we supported ourselves by hunting and gathering we hunted wild animals and foraged for wild plants

A

True

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26
Q

Around 10,000 years ago, our ancestors began to domesticate plants and animals in some parts of the world.

A

True

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27
Q

Archaeological evidence supports the progressivist view that agriculture is better than foraging.

A

False

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28
Q

While farmers concentrate on high-carbohydrate crops like rice and potatoes, the mix of wild plants and animals in the diets of surviving hunter-gatherers provides less protein and imbalance of other nutrient.

A

False

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29
Q

_______________ the study of signs of disease in the remains of ancient peoples.

A

Paleopathology

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30
Q

A skeleton reveals its owner’s _____, _______, and approximate ____.

A

Sex, weight, age

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31
Q

Archeologists can construct mortality tables to calculate expected life span and risk of death at any given age using human skeletons.

A

True

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32
Q

According to Jared Diamond foragers had poorer diet compared to farmers.

A

False

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33
Q

Because of dependence on a limited number of crops, farmers ran the risk of ___________ if one crop failed.

A

Starvation

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34
Q

His research is focused on multidimensional social system

A

Bennett

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35
Q

This author discusses the role of capital and water resources.

A

Finkler

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36
Q

How many people in the world who did not receive enough food according to the 1977 study of the National Research Council?

A

0.45 billion to 1 billion

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37
Q

The book by Peggy Barlett is focused on __________ decisions.

A

Agricultural

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38
Q

He did analysis of Jamaican fishing strategies.

A

Davenport

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39
Q

In modern time, increased agricultural productivity is achieved by ________intensification.

A

Capital and mechanical

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40
Q

Historically, increased agricultural productivity has been achieved by ________intensification.

A

Labor

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41
Q

Which of the following is not part of the group who concluded that agricultural change must take place within the context of institutional change?

A

Castle

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42
Q

Low agricultural productivity is the only reason for poverty and hunger among rural families.

A

False

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43
Q

He argues that there is no essential difference between normative and descriptive economics.

A

Simon

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44
Q

The contending schools of thought within economic anthropology in the 1960s.

A

Substantivist and formalist

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45
Q

Factors in farmer’s decision making involve.

A

household needs and goals, resources available to the household, social resources like information

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46
Q

He uses stratification behavior approach.

A

Chibnik

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47
Q

According to Castle, “the contemporary rural community in a developing society is never isolated from the larger society

A

True

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48
Q

Horticultural Indians in the tropical rainforest of Peruvian Amazon.

A

No answer/ Machiguenga

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49
Q

There is general agreement among social scientists that poverty and malnutrition are declining globally.

A

False

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50
Q

They prefer broad ranging ethnographic description.

A

Anthropologists

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51
Q

Their theory is dominated by arguments in mathematical deductive form.

A

Economist

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52
Q

They prefer formal perspective models.

A

Economist

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53
Q

Tend to overlook the consistent failures of their models to predict interesting real-world events

A

Formalism

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54
Q

White’s analysis of the agricultural strategy among the Kupauku Papuans used data collected by.

A

Leopold Pospisil

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55
Q

The linear programming to optimum diet uses the case of.

A

Machiguenga

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56
Q

Which of the following was not the food strategy of the Machiguenga community?

A

Domesticated cattle for meat

57
Q

Which of the following basket of food Machiguenga community has more nutritional value?

A

Hunting and gathering basket

58
Q

The use/combination of granular and suspension fertilizer by farmers from Lauderdale, Alabama is an example of.

A

2 mutually exclusive alternatives and multiple constraints

59
Q

The decision to adapt urea in the Altiplano of Guatemala is an example of.

A

Adaption decision 1 alternative multiple constraints

60
Q

In both camps of the classical economist and economic anthropologist there is a comprehensive understanding about what the formal models can and cannot accomplish?

A

False

61
Q

Game theories are usually reduced to cost benefits analysis due to lack of quantitative data.

A

True

62
Q

With the use of the recent literature from agricultural decision making showed that there is a scarcity of theories about how farmers make their decision.

A

False

63
Q

When confronted with a large number of alternatives, decision makers narrow the set the feasible subset that satisfies certain minimal conditions.

A

True

64
Q

___ refers to an attribute or dimension or factor or feature of an alternative.

A

Aspect

65
Q

_____ trees are a simple way to represent visually the logical relationship between alternatives, decision criteria or constraints and outcomes.

A

Decision

66
Q

What are some values along some fixed quantitative or qualitative dimensions.

A

Price, quality and comfort

67
Q

What are the six minimal conditions or constraints that a specific crop must satisfy in order to pass stage 1 cropping decision.

A

demand, altitude/soil, water requirements, knowledge, time or labor, capital or credit

68
Q

Preattentive processes serve to create and maintain an actor’s sense of situation.

A

True

69
Q

Chayanov’s Theory of Agricultural Decisions is identical to and the same as the traditional neoclassical approaches.

A

False

70
Q

Both the village a man lives in, and his education greatly affect his allocation of labor-time between wage work and cash cropping.

A

False

71
Q

A Russian economist and agrarian scholar best known for his work on rural economics and agricultural systems, particularly his theories on peasant farming and the organization of agricultural production.

A

Alexander V. Chayanov

72
Q

A man’s age strongly affects the amount of wage labor he does.

A

True

73
Q

Which of the following is a very labor-intensive as well as capital-intensive crop planted by farmers in El Paso?

A

Tobacco

74
Q

The author of the chapter on the statistical behavior approach is.

A

Michael Chibnik

75
Q

In what continent Rural Belize is located?

A

North America

76
Q

Critics considered Chayanov’s theory an idealization of peasants’ life.

A

False

77
Q

What does Chayanov call the farms aimed at producing the vast majority of the household own needs and exchange relatively little of the produce for cash are called

A

Nonmonetary

78
Q

Chayanov’s theory of labor-consumer balance was criticized for being untestable.

A

True

79
Q

One formal decision model that explains the elimination of inappropriate alternatives has been proposed by the psychologist.

A

Amos Tversky

80
Q

Chayanov rejects the traditional economic cost-benefit calculations for the study of family farms.

A

True

81
Q

Men from Silk Grass are expected to spend more time in economic activities than men in Sittee River.

A

True

82
Q

Chayanov’s theory neglected class differentiation.

A

False

83
Q

Statistical analysis cannot be made between observed characteristics of economic actors and the choices they make because human behavior is difficult to predict.

A

False

84
Q

Scientists tend to have different research goals and approaches. Which scientists tend to describe agricultural choices of farmers?

A

Anthropologists

85
Q

Decision making involves the evaluation of different options, usually followed by an assessment that one option is preferable.

A

True

86
Q

Statistical model predicts that men with large families to support should work more than men with small households.

A

True

87
Q

The study of natural information processing in agricultural decision making is important because it focuses attention on the farmer actually makes the decision and avoids externally imposed normative assumptions.

A

True

88
Q

One of the authors of your textbook rejects Tversky’s model as too simplistic to be a complete account of situations where decision makers are carefully attending to choices made difficult by competing aspects.

A

Christina Gladwin

89
Q

Chayanov’s theory suggests that peasant farmers make decisions based on the needs and constraints of their households, rather than profit maximization as in larger commercial farms.

A

True

90
Q

Chayanov’s theory takes into account external factors.

A

True

91
Q

Preattentive Process is a concept borrowed from the psychologist.

A

Ulric Neisser

92
Q

It refers to the total amount earned before taxes or other deductions.

A

Gross income

93
Q

What step in Frank Cancian economic analysis that involves the use of data on more than 3000 farmers in 16 communities in eight countries?

A

Second

94
Q

Who is the economist from the University of Chicago who made famous the distinction between risk and uncertainty?

A

Frank Knight

95
Q

The real problem for normative analysis comes when the decision maker does not know the probabilities.

A

True

96
Q

The chapter on Risk and Uncertainty in Agricultural Decision Making was written by.

A

Frank Cancian

97
Q

Which type of economics is interested in what people do and why they do it.

A

Descriptive economics

98
Q

The study of tobacco producers in Africa in 1966 was done by:

A

Edwin Dean

99
Q

According to Schultz peasants were poor because of their conservatism and unwillingness to adopt new practices.

A

True

100
Q

Normative economics is interested in

A

Logic and prescription

101
Q

Ortiz concluded that the probability decision models will not perform adequately when used to predict decisions made by farmers.

A

True

102
Q

Which type of economics is interested in determining what people ought to do, given specified goals and constraints?

A

Normative economics

103
Q

In what country where Berhman reviewed 1968 his study of farmers in 50 provinces for the period 1937-1963?

A

Thailand

104
Q

The study of supply dynamics in American commercial agriculture that made possible the considerations of expected prices in statistical studies of supply response was done by:

A

Marc Nerlove

105
Q

Frank Cancian believes that the attempt to harness the techniques of normative economics in the service of descriptive analysis is appropriate and productive.

A

True

106
Q

What step in Frank Cancian economic analysis that is considered a paradigm switch involving risk-uncertainty?

A

Third

107
Q

Who made the statement that farmers are reasonable, but they cannot always be efficient, given the uncertain nature of their world?

A

Michael Lipton

108
Q

What do you call the situations in which one cannot specify the probabilities?

A

Uncertainties

109
Q

According to Ortiz, peasant farmers cannot determine the probability of events nor rank them according to chance of incidence

A

True

110
Q

Price expectations formulas was developed by.

A

Marc Nerlove

111
Q

Farmers always abide microeconomic rules in making decisions.

A

False

112
Q

Descriptive economics is interested in:

A

Substance

113
Q

Anthropologists tend to conduct normative economic analysis.

A

False

114
Q

This researcher was able to obtain a relatively good fit between predicted fluctuations in acreage for several crops and recorded estimates for farmers in Punjab after considering the effect of weather on amounts of grain planted.

A

Raj Krishna

115
Q

Which of the following was not an agricultural commodities Nowshirvani examined in 1968 in terms of how Indian farmers respond to price fluctuations?

A

Corn

116
Q

What do you call the situations in which one knows the probabilities of various possible outcomes of an action?

A

Risks

117
Q

What models make assumptions about forecasting as well as about ranking outcomes according to preference?

A

Maximizing Decision Models

118
Q

Who demonstrated that, under uncertainty, the best way to achieve the maximum is to use whatever you know to make you best guess about the probabilities?

A

Leonard Savage

119
Q

its exploration of various facets of instrumental activity at different levels of subsistence, economic anthropology borrowed resource utilization from the field of.

A

Ecology

120
Q

The interest rate that makes the net present value formula equal zero is.

A

Internal rate of return

121
Q

The basic production system in North America and much of Western Europe evolved under the tutelage of.

A

Capitalism

122
Q

its exploration of various facets of instrumental activity at different levels of subsistence, economic anthropology borrowed formal analysis from the field of

A

Economics

123
Q

There is variations in the application of the commercial model of man­agement due to.

A

*variations in their personal and community situations of the farmers
•cultural modification depend­ing on local and regional styles and values
• differing modes of production

124
Q

its exploration of various facets of instrumental activity at different levels of subsistence, economic anthropology borrowed decision making frames from the field of.

A

Management science

125
Q

Which of the following is not the main contribution of Anthropologist to the study of farm management in a thoroughly entrepreneurial economy.

A

Studies supply and demand

126
Q

What is the second step in identifying folk labels suitable as basis for a scale?

A

Review observational and objective data on our population of operators

127
Q

What is the third step in identifying folk labels suitable as basis for a scale?

A

Careful comparison of the data from samples with the folk labels applied to specific cases

128
Q

Which of the following enterprises has less 22% internal rate of return?

A

Primary farm produce

129
Q

Which of the following is not a reason for the Cuanajo’s unwillingness to sell their land?

A

Land is sacred

130
Q

According to John Bennett, anthropologists have no role to play in the study of entrepreneurial agriculture because it belongs to the field of biological sciences, specially agriculture.

A

False

131
Q

According to John Bennett, the most useful role of anthropologists in the study of productive behavior in entrepreneurial societies is to study the variable behavior of producers as people in a mul­tidimensional social system.

A

True

132
Q

Management Style is an important concept and method for the analysis of family-operated agricultural enterprise.

A

True

133
Q

Decision is a process, not an event.

A

True

134
Q

The entrepreneurial-farming system of North America and its close neighbors in Europe are similar.

A

True

135
Q

According to John Bennett, management style is an essentially economic concept because it attempts to view managerial behavior as a holistic undertaking.

A

False

136
Q

The local people had a sophisticated conception of the management process because they knew it as a matter of trade-offs or compromises, and they applied this to the judgments of managerial performance.

A

True

137
Q

As a general rule, one should invest when the net present value figures are positive and not invest when they are negative.

A

True

138
Q

Agrarian reform and land reform are the same because they are both about redistribution of land property rights.

A

True

139
Q

The family ______refers to the operation of an agricultural enterprise by a nuclear family with children, plus other relatives, when occasion permits the demands.

A

Farm

Agrarian (2 decks)

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