AH2 test 4

Question 1

Pearl Harbor

Answer 1

was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941 (December 8 in Japan). The attack led to the United States’ entry into World War II.

Question 2

Impact of U.S. mobilization for WWII

Answer 2

o Elimination of unemployment – growth of the military and job working to accommodate for the military.
o Rise of industry
o Development of Sun Belt & the West – the war sped up the development of the south and the west.
o “Agribusiness” – after WWII most agriculture takes place through large companies. The small independent farmer became less and less common.
o Growth of organized labor – unions gain a lot of power and influence.
o “Wizard war” – essentially refers to the technological warfare.

Question 3

“Wizard War”

Answer 3

essentially refers to the technological warfare.

Question 4

Stalin & “2nd Front”

Answer 4

Stalin was begging for the US and England to open up a western attack to divide Germany’s forces

Question 5

“D-Day”

Answer 5

June 1944 – England and US ready to open the 2nd front, but Russia had been ravaged and Stalin would hold a grudge. Allies were very fortunate in the way D-Day played out. Had Germany calculated where the US would land correctly, then the battle could have easily been a loss.

Question 6

Stalingrad

Answer 6

precise turning point in the battle front in Europe. This is Soviet’s last stand at the city of Stalingrad. Nearly 2 million people died in this bloody battle. Ultimately, the Soviet Union wins and begins pushing Germany back. Germany has no supply lines and they get caught in winter.

Question 7

Battle of the Bulge

Answer 7

Germany’s final attempt to counter attack against the allied lines. Germany fails here and then the allies are ready to push into Germany towards Berlin.

Question 8

Battle of Coral Sea

Answer 8

fought during 4–8 May 1942, was a major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and naval and air forces from the United States and Australia. The battle was the first action in which aircraft carriers engaged each other, as well as the first in which neither side’s ships sighted or fired directly upon the other.

Question 9

“island-hopping”

Answer 9

going island to island to gain ground in Pacific

Question 10

Iwo Jima / Okinawa

Answer 10

allied forces in position of the Japanese mainland.

Question 11

Potsdam Declaration

Answer 11

US issues an vague ultimatum that essentially said “this is your last chance”. Did not mention the A-bomb. Did US want to demonstrate the effects of A-bomb, or were they afraid of the success of the mission? Japan did not respond to the declaration.

Question 12

Enola Gay

Answer 12

dropped first Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima.

Question 13

Hiroshima / Nagasaki

Answer 13

cities that were bombed

Question 14

Japanese surrender

Answer 14

September 2, 1945, brought the hostilities of World War II to a close. By the end of July 1945, the Imperial Japanese Navy was incapable of conducting major operations and an Allied invasion of Japan was imminent. While publicly stating their intent to fight on to the bitter end, Japan’s leaders, (the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War, also known as the “Big Six”), were privately making entreaties to the neutral Soviet Union to mediate peace on terms more favorable to the Japanese. Meanwhile, the Soviets were preparing to attack Japanese forces in Manchuria and Korea in fulfillment of promises they had secretly made to the United States and the United Kingdom at the Tehran and Yalta Conferences.

Question 15

Yalta Conference

Answer 15

meeting to determine how the peace terms will play out. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin

Question 16

V-E Day

Answer 16

Victory in Europe Day, generally known as V-E Day, VE Day, or simply V Day was the public holiday celebrated on 8 May 1945 (7 May in Commonwealth realms) to mark the formal acceptance by the Allies of World War II of Nazi Germany’s unconditional surrender of its armed forces.[1] It thus marked the end of World War II in Europe.

Question 17

Truman and “containment”

Answer 17

stop the spread of communism

Question 18

“Iron Curtain”

Answer 18

Churchill says that an iron curtain had formed over Europe. Division increasing between US in the east and Soviet Union in west.

Question 19

Truman Doctrine

Answer 19

the US would not seek to attack communism where it was entrenched, but would support any government that was facing a communist challenge.

Question 20

Marshall Plan

Answer 20

a massive reconstruction/financial bailout of defeated countries in WWII. Mainly helped out Japan and Germany. Considered to be an overwhelming success.

Question 21

Berlin Airlift

Answer 21

US dropping food and supplies into west Berlin to avoid Soviet east Berlin.

Question 22

HUAC

Answer 22

House Un-American Activities Committee – run by super conservative politicians that seek to combat communism. Controversial methods that ruined peoples lives. If you were questioned by HUAC, you lost you job, friends, and all social standing.

Question 23

Alger Hiss / Rosenberg cases

Answer 23

best represent the country’s fear of communism.
o Alger Hiss was an adviser to the president on foreign affairs, accused of communist support, tried and convicted. His career was ruined and he spent 5 years in prison. Little evidence.
o The Rosenburgs were accused by neighbors, convicted and executed as traitors. Little evidence.

Question 24

Sen. Joseph McCarthy

Answer 24

for about 4 years led HUAC and the government in investigations against anyone deemed to be a supporter of communism. He was very threatening and used practices and policies that were of questionable legality.

Question 25

Sputnik

Answer 25

Soviets launch first satellite into sustained orbit and kick off the space race. This is also a technology and arms race.

Question 26

“Bay of Pigs” invasion

Answer 26

1500 Cuban ex-patriots, trained armed, and funded by US government to overthrow Castro. This is an absolute disaster.

Question 27

Berlin Wall

Answer 27

established to formally divide east Berlin and West Berlin.

Question 28

Cuban Missile Crisis

Answer 28

this is the climax to the Cold War. This is the closest the world has ever come to a nuclear war. Soviets placed long ranch missiles in Cuba with range of the US. US placed missiles in Turkey and they play nuclear chicken. Soviet Union agrees to move their missiles if US promises to not invade Cuba and move their missiles from Turkey.
Background and Beginnings:

Question 29

To Secure These Rights

Answer 29

Truman authorizes a study of civil rights within the states. The results published in a book called to secure these rights, and the book revealed that civil rights were very grim in the US. Blacks were 2nd class citizens.

Question 30

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Answer 30

overturns the ruling of Plessey v. Ferguson “separate but equal”. This changes nothing overnight, but it does place legislation behind integration.

Question 31

“Southern Manifesto”

Answer 31

over 100 congressmen in the house and senate sign a petition denouncing the ruling in Brown v. Board.

Question 32

Orval Faubus

Answer 32

mobilizes the state’s national guard to prevent the students from entering the school. Dwight Eisenhower gets involved an immediately nationalizes the Arkansas national guard (removes them from Arkansas jurisdiction) and sends in the 101 airborne to enforce the legislation.
· Faubas in response shuts down the Little Rock school system for 2 years. He eventually gets shut down by the parents of the community because of rising crime rates and other issue with the teenagers who had nothing to occupy their time.
· This event sets the precedent of government involvement and the effectiveness of government intervention.

Question 33

“Little Rock Nine”

Answer 33

9 students seek to enroll in central high school in Little Rock,

Question 34

Rosa Parks & Montgomery Bus Boycott

Answer 34

osa Parks knew that she would be challenging segregation in Montgomery’s transportation system. This was a very deliberate and well planned event. Leads to legal challenge of segregation in the bus industry, and also a boycott of the Montgomery transit system. After about a year, Montgomery integrates its transit.

Question 35

“Freedom Ride”

Answer 35

group who rode around and protested segregation. They were violently opposed.

Question 36

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Answer 36

youth movement to oppose segregation.

Question 37

Eugene “Bull” Connor

Answer 37

chief of police of Birmingham. Allows police brutality on protestors, which brings national awareness to the movement.

Question 38

16th Street Baptist Church

Answer 38

fire bombed, killing four little girls inside. There was no way to rationalize this loss of life.

Question 39

Assassination of JFK

Answer 39

November 22, 1963, Dallas, TX Kennedy was fatally shot by a sniper while traveling with his wife Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally’s wife Nellie, in a presidential motorcade. A ten-month investigation from November 1963 to September 1964 by the Warren Commission concluded that Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald, acting alone, and that Jack Ruby also acted alone when he killed Oswald before he could stand trial.[3]

Question 40

Civil Rights Act of 1964/Voting Rights Act of 1965

Answer 40

encompassed a lot of legislation for equalizing civil rights.

Question 41

“Long Hot Summers”

Answer 41

The “long hot summer” refers to the summer of 1967, which began a year in which 159 race riots erupted across the United States.[1]

In June in there were riots in Atlanta, Boston, and Cincinnati, as well as the Buffalo riot in (Buffalo, New York), and a riot in Tampa, Florida.

In July there were riots in Birmingham, Chicago, New York, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, New Britain, Conn., Rochester, N.Y., and a riot in Plainfield, New Jersey. The most serious riots of the summer took place in July, with the riot in Newark, New Jersey and the Twelfth Street Riot, in Detroit, Michigan.

As a result of the rioting in the Summer of 1967, and the preceding two years, President Johnson established the Kerner Commission to investigate the rioting.

Question 42

“America’s Longest War”

Answer 42

On Jan. 23, 1973, President Richard Nixon announced an accord had been reached to end the Vietnam War. In a televised speech, Nixon said the accord would “end the war and bring peace with honor.”

Question 43

“domino theory”

Answer 43

if one country falls to communism, then others will soon follow.

Question 44

Ngo Dinh Diem

Answer 44

south Vietnamese president, while he claimed to be democratic was really a violent, oppressive ruler. US aid bolstered his ability to do what he wanted, but when US decided that he was a liability they let him be and he was assassinated shortly after.

Question 45

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution & “attrition strategy”

Answer 45

US and Vietnam conflict in the Gulf of Tonkin (Vietnam) occurs and no one knows who starts it. LBJ goes to congress and asks for support to escalate this issue. Congress approves escalation of the war.

Question 46

Richard Nixon & expansion of war

Answer 46

xon promises a policy of Vietnamization - US will supervise the war, but will begin to remove US troops from combat. Nixon breaks this promise by expanding the war into Cambodia, causing protests to rise.

Question 47

Kent State protest

Answer 47

students protesting war at Kent State, national guard sent in to monitor the situation. Guards end up firing into a crowd of protestors killing 4. This ramped up protest for the war effort.

Question 48

My Lai

Answer 48

Originally thought to be a battle at this Vietnamese village, but after a little bit of digging, it was discovered that there was no battle. US troops massacred 350 to 500 Vietnamese civilians.

Question 49

Manhattan Project

Answer 49

a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer was the scientific director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory that designed the actual bombs.