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Russia > Alexander II > Flashcards

Alexander II Flashcards

1
Q

What can Alexander II be called

A

Tsar liberator

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2
Q

How far was Russia’s boundaries to the pacific ocean

A

6,000 KM

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3
Q

What percentage of the population did nobles make up

A

Less than 1%

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4
Q

What percentage of the population were peasants

A

Over 90%

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5
Q

What was the population in 1859

A

Around 70 Million

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6
Q

What did serfs have to pay

A

Dues

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7
Q

What was the Mir

A

Village commune ran by peasants themselves

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8
Q

How did the Mir control peasants

A

(egalitarian)Allocating land- who deserves what- depending on size of household

On private estates it made sure that Peasants fulfilled their obligations in labour or payment

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9
Q

Was the Mir allocating land efficient

A

No
Strips weren’t improved
strips changed hands often

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10
Q

How could the Mir be seen as positively

A

A source of cooperation and mutual support

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11
Q

How could the Mir be seen as negatively

A

Source of petty jealousies and rivalries

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12
Q

What was the main farming method

A

Three field rotation system

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13
Q

What percentage of the population were members of the Russian orthodox church

A

70%

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14
Q

What did most peasant huts have for religion

A

An Icon
-religious painting to show devotion

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15
Q

What did Russians believe about their own religion

A

That they kept the true faith
- Holy Russia

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16
Q

What was the secret police called

A

Third section

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17
Q

When was the Crimean war

A

1853-1856

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18
Q

What 3 weaknesses did the Crimean war show

A

Russia’s poor communication
Russia’s artillery were outclassed by the British and French
Efficiency of army and military leadership questioned

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19
Q

What impact did the Crimean war have on Russias image

A

Casted doubt on Russia as a major power

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20
Q

What impact did the Crimean war have on Russia’s image

A

Casted doubt on Russia as a major power

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21
Q

What did the top echelons of society believe the main cause for the Crimean war defeat was

A

Russia’s backwardness

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22
Q

When was the siege of Sevastopol

A

September 1855

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23
Q

What was the significance of the siege of Sevastopol

A

Heavy defeat following other defeats

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24
Q

How was communication and transport a failure in the Crimean war

A

No railway to deploy resources and troops
- Equipment arriving more slowly than Britain and France
- No industrial revolution

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25
Q

When was the Treaty of Paris

A

March 1856

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26
Q

What did the Treaty of Paris signify

A

Signified humiliation of defeat
- Russia had failed to defend their territory
- Russia couldn’t use warships in black sea even in times of peace

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27
Q

What did Alexander II do in 1837 to win support

A

Went on a tour of 29 Russian provinces
-Went to places where no other member of the imperial family had been

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28
Q

What was the effect of Alexanders tour in 1837

A

Great success
First Tsar to consider the importance of the peoples approval
-built a bond between the people and Tsar

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29
Q

What was Alexander II beliefs

A

Sensitive and had a humane perspective on the world
-Firm believer in autocracy
-Firm believer in Russia’s special identity

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30
Q

Who helped carry out Alexanders reforms

A

Grand Duke Constantine

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31
Q

What did Grand Duke Constantine do to help carry out Alexanders reforms

A

Played an important role in assembling talented younger officials to work on reforms

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32
Q

What was the moral case for emancipating the serfs

A

Serfdom was morally and ethically wrong

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33
Q

What did Nicholas I say about serfdom

A

“Serfdom was evil palpable and obvious to all”

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34
Q

Did the majority of nobles want emancipation due to moral reasons

A

No

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35
Q

What did Alexander II say about abolishing Serfdom

A

“It is better to abolish Serfdom from above”

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36
Q

Why was risk of revolt a reason for emancipation

A

Serious peasant revolts on the past
- Majority of army was peasants

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37
Q

What was the significance of the army being mainly composed of peasants

A

Government would find it difficult to contain a major uprising

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38
Q

Why is Risk of revolt not a significant reason for emancipation

A

Some nobles feared that major reform would provoke serious revolt
- Thought peasants would see it as a sign of weakness
-Thought peasants may be disappointed by them

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39
Q

Why did military officials believe that emancipation was necessary

A

Believed Russia needed a smaller army
- Peasants would serve a shorter time
-thousands of freed serfs would return to their villages with military training- (Risky)

  • military reform could only be achieved if serfdom was abolished
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40
Q

What was the economic argument for emancipation

A

free labour was better than forced labour

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41
Q

When was emancipation

A

1861

42
Q

When were state serfs emancipated

A

1866

43
Q

What could peasants do following emancipation

A

Marry who they wanted
travel
trade freely
vote in local elections
(legally free)

44
Q

How were the peasants still controlled

A

Mir had control of peasants

45
Q

How was the Mir affected by emancipation

A

Mir made stronger

46
Q

What were redemption payments

A

Payments peasants had to make over 49 years to pay off the land as the government had bought the land

47
Q

How many serfs were emancipated

A

23 Million

48
Q

When were the 22 emancipation statutes

A

19th February 1861

49
Q

How long was the transitional period after the February proclamation

A

2 year transition period

50
Q

Why was the Mir made stronger

A

For administrative reasons
- Mechanism for keeping order in countryside

51
Q

What were the Mirs new responsibilities

A

Responsible for collecting redemption payments
If a peasant left the Mir the land would go to the Mir- peasant couldn’t sell

Issued internal passports
instead of being tied to the Lord the peasants were tied to the village

52
Q

What land were the peasants given

A

Given the worst land- yielded little food or profit

53
Q

Did the peasants pay a fair price for the land

A

No
The landowners recieved above market value for the land

54
Q

What was the peasants reaction to emancipation

A

Felt they had been cheated
-Deep resentment felt

55
Q

How many disturbances were there in 1861

A

Over 10,000
-quickly dealt with

56
Q

From 1862-1905 how much did nobles landholding reduce by

A

Reduced by 37 Million Desyatina (Russian measurment of land)

57
Q

Which peasants benefitted from emancipation and what did they do

A

Kulaks, bought land off poorer neighbours

58
Q

Why did Alexander II dismiss Nicholas Milyutin( architect of emancipation

A

appease the conservative nobility

59
Q

What did the dismissal of Nicholas Milyutin show

A

Tsar didn’t want to damage any of the ruling class
-Nobody was satisfied with the arrangement’s

60
Q

What long term affects did Emancipation have

A

Influenced the 1905 and 1917 revolutions

61
Q

Who became war minister in 1861

A

Dimitri Milyutin

62
Q

What were the issues with the structure of the legal system before reform

A

huge variety of courts- cases transferred taking a very long time
rules had to be followed including the word of a noble being taken over a peasant

63
Q

What were the issues with the judges before reform

A

Most judges had no legal training and were illiterate

64
Q

How was the judicial systems structure changed in reform

A

system simplified with fewer courts
-Civil and criminal courts were open to the public

65
Q

What changes were made to judges following the legal reforms

A

Judges given security of tenure
high salary to prevent bribery and corruption

66
Q

What were the results of the judicial reforms

A

Russians could get a fairer trial than before

67
Q

During the 1860s/70s what type of people came into positions

A

independent and articulate profession
came to fulfil the roles of prosecutors and defenders

68
Q

How did independent courts challenge the political authority of autocracy

A

independent source of authority existed
-Idea of rule of law came into the public

69
Q

What did the new freedom for lawyers result in

A

The courtroom became a place to challenge the government- genuine free speech in courtroom

70
Q

What were the weaknesses of the judicial reforms

A

separate courts for peasants meant that they were largely outside of the mainstream legal system

71
Q

When was the Vera Zasulich case

A

1878

72
Q

Who did Vera Zasulich shoot and wound

A

the governor of St Petersburg

73
Q

Who did the witnesses in the Vera Zasulich call in

A

brought in political prisoners who were pale and worn after months of imprisonment

74
Q

What was the result of the witnesses in the Vera Zasulich trial

A

Moved the jury and public
Vera Zasulich case dismissed

75
Q

Who led the military reforms

A

Dimitri Milyutin

76
Q

What was changed to officer training in military reform

A

Army training radically improved
Military colleges established

77
Q

From 1862-1870 how much did military conscripts increase by

A

210,000-500,000

78
Q

What was the positive economically with the army
following the reforms

A

significant saving in government expenditure
Army was smaller

79
Q

When were the military reforms

A

1861-1881

80
Q

when were the education reforms

A

1863-64

81
Q

What changes were made to universities during the reforms

A

Constraints relaxed
-universities could govern themselves
-Women could attend university

82
Q

What type of university professors were appointed

A

Forward thinking liberal ones

83
Q

What is an example of a forward thinking liberal professor appointed

A

Famous doctor and educational theorist Nicholai Pirogov

84
Q

What percentage of professors leave their posts from 1854-1862

A

50%

85
Q

When were the local government (zemstva) reforms

A

1864

86
Q

What percentage of the Zemstva was made of nobles

A

40%

87
Q

Where were the Zemstvas made in

A

Provinces where Russians were the ruling elite

88
Q

Who did the Zemstva employ

A

Teachers
Doctors
Lawyers
(proffesionals

89
Q

what were the professionals that the Zemstvo appoint called

A

The “Third element”

90
Q

what is a weakness of the Zemstva reforms regarding the nobility

A

Dominated by the nobility
- Nobles took advantage and own interests

91
Q

What was the peasants opinion on the Zemstva

A

Didn’t really participate and resented paying the zemstvo tax

92
Q

Which figure was positive and liberal for the zemstvo

A

Prince Lvov

93
Q

Who attempted to kill Alexander II in 1866

A

Karakazov

94
Q

How did Alexander II change his educational reforms

A

Favoured Latin/Greek over modern ones
Crackdown in university and discipline

95
Q

Who replaced Golovin as minister of education

A

Tolstoy

96
Q

What change was made over student activities in Alexanders reactions

A

Strict control of student activities

97
Q

Who was appointed as head of the third section in Alexander II reaction

A

Pyotr Shuvalov
-Increased strength of police

98
Q

What happened to courts in Alexanders reaction

A

Courts could be sent to military and heard in secret

99
Q

What was the result of the education reaction

A

Enforcing tsarist control

100
Q

What was the Gymnazii ordered to follow in the reactions

A

Follow a traditional curriculum

Russia (12 decks)

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