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1
Q

What do agonists do?

A

Bind to a receptor causing a response

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2
Q

What do antagonists do?

A

Bind to receptors preventing other chemicals producing a response

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3
Q

Drugs administered by what route must undergo first pass metabolism?

A

Orally

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4
Q

Do agonists and antagonists effect cellular activity?

A

No, they effect responses

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5
Q

Can a partial agonist produce a maximal response if present in a high enough concentration?

A

No

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6
Q

Does an antagonist bind to an agoninst to exert it’s effects?

A

No, an antagonist binds to a receptor

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7
Q

Does carbimazole increase a patients neutrophil count?

A

No, it can lower it, look for signs of infection, take blood count and discontinue drug if low neutrophil count

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8
Q

What is carbimazole used to treat?

A

Hyperthyroidism

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9
Q

How does carbimazole work?

A

Decreases the synthesis of the thyroid hormones

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10
Q

What is furosemide?

A

A loop diuretic

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11
Q

What is bendroflumethiazide?

A

Thiazide/Thiazide like diuretic

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12
Q

What is spironolactone?

A

Potassium Sparing diuretic

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13
Q

What is vasopressin?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone

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14
Q

What are diuretics used to treat?

A

Hypertension (high blood pressure)

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15
Q

Name the andrenergic receptors?

A 
Alpha 1 receptor
Alpha 2 receptor
Beta 1 receptor
Beta 2 receptor
Beta 3 receptor
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16
Q

Where is the alpha 1 receptor found?

A

Blood Vessels

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17
Q

Where is the alpha 2 receptor found?

A

Blood vessels, vasomotor centre (medulla oblongata)

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18
Q

What is another name for andrenergic receptors?

A

Adrenoreceptors

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19
Q

What is the ending for Angiotensin receptor blockers?

A

Angiotensin receptor blockers or antagonists - artans

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20
Q

What is the ending for beta blockers?

A

-Lol

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21
Q

What is the ending for Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?

A

They are ACE aka brill so ending is -pril

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22
Q

What is the ending for local anaesthetics?

A

-caine

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23
Q

What is the ending for anxiolytics?

A

-pam

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24
Q

What is the ending for calcium channel blockers?

A

-ipine

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25
Q

What is the ending for steroids?

A

-one

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26
Q

Salbutamol has a similar structure to what?

A

Adrenaline

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27
Q

What is the ending for general anaesthetics?

A

-ane

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28
Q

What is the ending for muscle relaxants?

A

-um

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29
Q

What is the ending for statins?

A

-statin

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30
Q

Where is the beta 1 receptor found?

A

Heart

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31
Q

Where is the beta 2 receptor found?

A

Lungs, blood vessels, muscle spindles

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32
Q

What is the ending for barbiturates?

A

-barb

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33
Q

What is the ending for antiarrhythmic?

A

-arone

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34
Q

What is the ending for antibiotics?

A

-cin or -cillin

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35
Q

How do you know if a drug is an NSAID?

A

Ends in or contains -fen

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36
Q

What is the ending for H2 blockers?

A

-idine

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37
Q

What is the ending for proton pump inhibitors?

A

-prazole

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38
Q

What is the ending for alpha blockers?

A

-sin

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39
Q

What is the order from biggest to smallest weights?

A 
kg
g
mg
microgram
nanogram
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40
Q

What is the order from biggest to smallest volumes?

A

L, mL, microlitre
or
mole, mmol, micromole

41
Q

What does % mean as a volume?

A

g/100ml

42
Q

What does % mean as a weight?

A

g/100g

43
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

The dose of the drug which reaches the systemic circulation as an intact drug

44
Q

How is insulin administered?

A

Subcutaneously

45
Q

Describe the sublingual route?

A

Placed or sprayed under the tongue

46
Q

What route is used for allergy testing?

A

Intradermal

47
Q

What route is used for flu jab?

A

Intramuscular

48
Q

Describe the buccal route?

A

Drug is placed between the lining of the cheek and teeth/gum

49
Q

How are eye drop administered?

A

Topically

50
Q

What is efficacy?

A

The maximum response achievable from a drug

51
Q

What does first-pass effect mean?

A

A drug given orally, after absorption most of the drug is inactivated as the blood passes through the liver, so there is no therapeutic effect

52
Q

Codeine and morphine are what?

A

Opioid agonists

53
Q

Aspirin can prevent what?

A

Stroke

54
Q

What is a common side effect of ace inhibitors and why?

A

Dry, persistent cough because angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II which results in an accumulation of bradykinins and tachykinins usually metabolised by angiotensin converting enzyme

55
Q

What is warfarin?

A

An anticoagulant

56
Q

What is aspirin?

A

An antiplatelet

57
Q

What is clopidogrel?

A

An antiplatelet

58
Q

What is streptokinase?

A

A fibrinolytic

59
Q

What is noradrenaline?

A

A neurotransmitter

60
Q

What is affinity?

A

The measure of how tightly a drug binds to a receptor

61
Q

How does aspirin cause its actions?

A

It binds to cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 enzymes

62
Q

Where in the cell do most drugs act?

A

cell membrane

63
Q

Which route mustn’t be used for glyceryl trinitrate (gtn)?

A

Oral

64
Q

Which tissue receives the most blood flow?

A

Kidney

65
Q

What is the therapeutic window?

A

Difference between min toxic conc and min therapeutic conc

66
Q

What should oral drugs be?

A

Largely lipid soluble

67
Q

What’s different about facilitated diffusion?

A

It can become saturated

68
Q

If a patient has cirrhosis of the liver what happens to the plasma half-life of drugs metabolised by the liver?

A

It increases

69
Q

What’s special about phase 1 reactions?

A

Products can be more chemically active than parent drug

70
Q

What is enflurane?

A

An inhaled general anaesthetic

71
Q

Name the inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

GABA and Glycine

72
Q

Name the excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

Noradrenaline, Dopamine, Serotonin (5-HT), Acetylcholine and Glutamate

73
Q

What can cause hypothyroidism?

A

Iodine deficiency

74
Q

What’s special about all steroids?

A

Must be withdrawn gradually to prevent addisonian crisis

75
Q

What interacts with the combined oral contraceptive pill?

A

Some hepatic inducers e.g. antibiotics increase how quickly the liver metabolises the pill decreasing its effectiveness

76
Q

What are fibrinolytic drugs used to treat?

A

Cardiovascular thrombosis

77
Q

What does heparin do?

A

Inhibits action of thrombin, factors X and IX

78
Q

What enzyme does aspirin interfere with?

A

COX

79
Q

How do calcium channel blockers (e.g. nifedipine) work?

A

Reduce the force of contractions of the heart

80
Q

Name the 4 asthma relievers

A

Salbutamol (ventolin)
Salmeterol
Ipratropium
Theophylline

81
Q

Name the 3 asthma preventers?

A

Beclametasone
Sodium Cromoglicate
Montelukast

82
Q

What is captopril and how does it work?

A

Anti-hypertensive - ace inhibitor - blocks the formation of angiotensin II

83
Q

Name three targets of antihypertensive drugs?

A

Heart, kidney, blood vessels

84
Q

How would you diagnose a cardiac dysrhythmia?

A

ECG

85
Q

How would you treat angina pectoris?

A

GTN

86
Q

Where do anti-dysrhythmic drugs target?

A

Sodium, potassium and calcium channels

87
Q

Name a side effect of diuretics?

A

Postural hypotension

88
Q

Name 3 thiazide/thiazide like diuretics?

A

Indapamide
Chlortalidone
Bendroflumethiazide

89
Q

Name 2 potassium sparing diuretics?

A

Amiloride

Spironolactone

90
Q

Name 2 loop diuretics?

A

Furosemide

Bumetanide

91
Q

What is spironolactone?

A

Potassium sparing diuretic

92
Q

What are antacids prescribed for?

A

Relieve dyspepsia

93
Q

What can opiod derivatives also be used to treat?

A

Diarrhoea

94
Q

In what condition would an antispasmodic be used?

A

IBS

95
Q

What do noiceceptors respond to?

A

Chemical substances released by damaged cells or tissues

96
Q

What is a concerning side effect of morphine?

A

Respiratory depression

97
Q

What is the correct pathway for the transfer of sensory information from the noicecptor to the brain?

A

Noicecptor->dorsal horn->spinothalmic tract->ventral posterior lateral nucleus of thalamus-> sensory cortex

98
Q

What kind of pain is aspirin effective against?

A

Mild

99
Q

Name 4 side effects of NSAIDs?

A

Increased gastric acid secretion
Gastric bleeding
Nausea
Decreased secretion of gastric mucous

My Pharmacology (1 decks)

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