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Unit 1 Biology > all > Flashcards

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1
Q

cooperativity

A

indicates that one haemoglobin subunit transmits information to others

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2
Q

The myosin cross bridge cycle

A
  1. ATP binding to a cleft at the back of the myosin head causes a conformational change
  2. As ATP is hydrolysed, the head swings back to the ‘cocked’ position. The ADP and Pi remain bound, it can now bind to actin.
  3. When teh head binds to the actin, the Pi leaves the myosin and the POWER STROKE is released
  4. Energy stored in the head is used to move the ehad and ADP is released
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3
Q

Explain the significance of a reversible nature of phosphate binding

A

as it ensures ATP is produced constantly

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4
Q

The cytoskeleton is a network made up of 3 protein components that extend throughout the cytoplasm

A
  1. protein filaments
  2. intermediate filaments
  3. microtubules
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5
Q

protein filaments

A

actin

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6
Q

intermediate filaments

A

keratin

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7
Q

mibrotubules

A

tubulin

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8
Q

what are the main functions of microtubules

A

they from the spindle fibres which are active during cell division

assemble and disassemble during cell division

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9
Q

The role of the cytoskeleton 5

A
  1. provides a framework of mechanical support and maintains cells shape
  2. allows the movement of cell organelles
  3. allows the movement of whole cells
  4. responsible fro the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis
  5. resposible for cytokineses
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10
Q

In order of increasing diameter

A

actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

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11
Q

explain why cell division requires remodeling of the cytoskeleton

A
  1. during mitosis, microtubules for the spindle fibers
  2. these are active during cell division to move chromosomes and seperate sister chromatids
  3. the microtubules are disassembly and assembled to function as spindle fibres
  4. microtubules pinch a cell - cytokineses
  5. During the phase between divisions, centrosome must produce microtubules that make up part of the cytoskeleton
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12
Q

steps in interphase

A

G1, S, G2, M

initial growth phase
DNA synthesis
second growth phase prior to mitosis
mitosis

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13
Q

G1

A

The cell will not divide until the cell has doubled in mass. Organelles are synthesised

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14
Q

S

A

DNA is copied. Chromosomes replicate to form 2 chromatids

centrioles duplicate (animal cells)

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15
Q

centrioles are part of the MTOC

A

MTOC normally controls the cytoskeleton, but during mitosis the cytoskeleton breaks down and the subunits are reassembled to form spindle fibrers

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16
Q

G2

A

further growth prior to mitosis. Sufficient reserves of ATP build up to last through out the rest of the cycle

17
Q

Interphase is called the resting phase, why is this not a good description

A

because the cell grows

18
Q

what stage will the cycle contain the most DNA

A

G2, after DNA replication is complete in the stage of synthesis

19
Q

Mitosis 4

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

20
Q

Prophase 3

A
  1. the chromosomes coil up and become visible
  2. the nucleus membranes disappear
  3. spindle fibers begin to appear from centriole
21
Q

Metaphase 2

A
  1. the chromosomes move to the equator of the cell and line up on the metaphase plate
  2. spindle fibers extend and attach to the centromere of the chromosomes
22
Q

Anaphase 1

A

The spindle fibers contract, pulling the sister chromatids apart to opposite poles of the cell

23
Q

Telophase 2

A
  1. 2 new membranes form around each genetically identical group of daughter chromosomes.
  2. spindle fibers break down
24
Q

Cytokineses 2

A
  1. during cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides and 2 new daughter cells are formed
  2. they are genetically identical to the mother
25
Q

What is the mitotic spindel made of

A

mictrotubules

26
Q

What is the role of spindle fibers 4

A
  1. spindle fibers form centriole
  2. moves the chromosomes on the metaphase plate
  3. helps to separate the sister chromatids
  4. helps with the process of formation of daughter cells
27
Q

what is meant by cytokinesis

A

the separation of the cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells

Unit 1 Biology (7 decks)

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