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Intro to ecology and evolution > All lectures > Flashcards

All lectures Flashcards

1
Q

Conservation biology

A

protect and maintain biological diversity

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2
Q

Genetic diversity

A

allelic diversity

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3
Q

species diversity

A

species richness or abundance

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4
Q

community diversity

A

diversity/ health of habitats

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5
Q

Species richness

A

total number of species that belong in a community

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6
Q

relative abundance

A

frequency of species in community

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7
Q

adaptive radiation

A

rapid divergence of ancestral lineage in response to new habitat

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8
Q

Mass extinction

A

elevated rate of extinction occurs

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9
Q

Habitat loss

A

humans occupy and develop land

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10
Q

species area relationship

A

as area increases so does species

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11
Q

overharvesting

A

harvesting at unsustainable rate: wild species ex : fish

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12
Q

Exotic/invasive

A

new species introduced to habitat that compete for resources

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13
Q

Global change

A

disruption of climate

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14
Q

Nutrient pollution

A

by-product of agriculture ex: too many algae cause not enough oxygen making dead zones in ocean.

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14
Q

Nutrient pollution

A

by-product of agriculture ex: too many algae cause not enough oxygen making dead zones in ocean.

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15
Q

Global climate change

A

altered weather patterns

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16
Q

Climate change

A

greenhouse gasses increase or decrease

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17
Q

Environmental toxicology

A

movement of toxins in environment compartments

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18
Q

Persistent organic pollutants

A

POPs toxin enters body and stays

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19
Q

POPS

A

increase in individual’s age

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20
Q

Biological magnification

A

refers to increase in pops as increase in trophic level

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21
Q

Instrumental value

A

value based on function to humans- medicine, agriculture

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22
Q

Intrinsic value

A

value for just existing

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23
Q

Ambiguous cases

A

organisms benefit habitat

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24
Q

Organismal ecology

A

study of adaptations that allow individuals to live in habitats

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25
Q

population ecology

A

demography and intraspecific interactions

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26
Q

community ecology

A

interspecific interactions

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27
Q

ecosystem ecology

A

storage and movement of nutrients and energy in water, soil and atmosphere

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28
Q

landscape ecology

A

biomes and conditions that influence them

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29
Q

Biogeography

A

study of geographic distribution of living things

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30
Q

Abiotic factors

A

temperature and rainfall, nonliving

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31
Q

Endemic

A

species naturally found in one specific location

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32
Q

cosmopolitan

A

species found in multiple locations

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33
Q

Abiotic factors

A

energy, temperature, change in water, nutrients

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34
Q

ocean upwelling

A

wind causing water to move bringing up nutrients to the top

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35
Q

Climate

A

long term atmospheric conditions

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36
Q

weather

A

short period of time atmospheric conditions

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37
Q

tropical forests

A

wet, soil poor quality, high species diversity

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38
Q

Desert

A

dry, small leave to survive

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39
Q

Tundra

A

frozen soil, tiny plants and growing season short

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40
Q

temperate forest

A

not consistent/has seasons

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41
Q

boreal forest

A

north grassland, trees grow slower

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42
Q

temperate grassland

A

stay grassland due to forest fires, soil is high in nutrients

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43
Q

savanna

A

dominated by grasses, extremes of water availability

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44
Q

chapparel

A

shrubs

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45
Q

Intraspecific

A

within a species

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46
Q

interspecific

A

between species

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47
Q

competition

A

-,- competition for resources

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48
Q

exploitation +-

A

predation, herbivory, parasitism

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49
Q

positive interactions ++ 0+

A

mutualism, commensalism

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50
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

two species cannot have same niche in habitat

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51
Q

resource partitioning

A

behavioral adaptations can occur when different species are competing for same resource

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52
Q

Niche

A

living condition required by certain species

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53
Q

Character displacement

A

different developmental outcomes in face of competition

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54
Q

Exploitation

A

Ex: predation place strong selective pressure on one species involved

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55
Q

parasitism

A

ideal parasite never kills host

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56
Q

keystone species

A

when present enhance community diversity

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57
Q

foundation species

A

provide physical habitat ex: coral

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58
Q

dominant species

A

most in numbers

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59
Q

invasive species

A

tend to overtake habitat

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60
Q

primary succession

A

new habitat is available for colonization for first time (glacier melting)

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61
Q

seocondary succession

A

response to disturbance in existing habitat (forest fires)

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62
Q

biotic

A

organisms

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63
Q

abiotic

A

energy, water nutrients (nonliving)n

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64
Q

Food chains

A

linear sequence of organisms where nutrietns is passed

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65
Q

primary producer

A

bottom of food chain

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66
Q

primary consumer

A

consumes primary producer

67
Q

secondary consumer

A

carnivores who eat primary consumer

68
Q

apex consumer

A

highest level consumer

69
Q

photoautotrophs

A

energy from sun, energy source for majority

70
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

synthesize organic molecules into own energy (without sunlight )

71
Q

heterotrophs

A

from digesting living organisms

72
Q

GPP

A

gross primary productivity (producers incorporate sun)

73
Q

NPP

A

net primary producer

74
Q

biomass

A

total mass in area

75
Q

detritivores and decomposers

A

bacteria and fungi, feeds on dead organic material

76
Q

Not all energy is passed on

A

some is for metabolic, and some is growth and reproduction

77
Q

Water cycle

A

evaporation and sublimation

78
Q

carbon cycle

A

respiration and photosynthesis

79
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

nitrogen fixation by abiotic or biotic process, primary producers

80
Q

nutrient limitation

A

one nutrient required will be scarce

81
Q

population size

A

total number of individuals

82
Q

population density

A

number of individuals within a certain area

83
Q

population dispersion patterns

A

show spatial relationship between members of a population, random uniform and clumped

84
Q

cohort

A

members of same age

85
Q

fecundity

A

potential reproductive capacity of individual - animals offspring care, plants - number of seeds produced

86
Q

early reproduction

A

early will produce more

87
Q

late/single

A

produce once

88
Q

J-shaped curve

A

unlimited resources

89
Q

carrying capcity

A

when resource and habitat is limited

90
Q

Density dependent factors of population regulation

A

predation, inter/intra competition, diseases

91
Q

density independent factors of population refulation

A

weather, natural disasters and pollution

92
Q

K selected species

A

stable predictable environments

93
Q

r selected species

A

large number and unpredictable or changing environments

94
Q

ethology

A

how evolution influence behavior

95
Q

communication

A

visual, aural, chemical and tactile signals

96
Q

innate behavior

A

fixed feature of organisms functions

97
Q

learned behavrio

A

require prior experience

98
Q

reflex action

A

involuntary rapid response to stimulus

99
Q

kinesis

A

undirected movement in response to stimulus

100
Q

taxis

A

directed movement towards or away from stimulus

101
Q

fixed action pattern

A

series of movement caused by stimulus that continues even when stimulus is removed

102
Q

migration

A

seasonal movement of animals

103
Q

imprinting

A

limitied opportunity young to learn

104
Q

spatial

A

landmarks help to assist navigation

105
Q

associative

A

caue and effect

106
Q

cognition

A

creative problem solving

107
Q

social

A

observing others behavior

108
Q

sexual selection

A

selective pressure associate with mate choice, attractiveness physical contests

109
Q

Gametes few in number

A

high quality mate choice

110
Q

gametes high in number

A

benefit from as many mates as possible

111
Q

Selfishness

A

benefits actor at expense of others

112
Q

altruism

A

benefits other as expense of actor (kin)

113
Q

Origin of life

A

formation of biomolecules, polymers, vesicles, self replication

114
Q

population thinking

A

thinking of change in population rather than individuals

115
Q

apadtion

A

process of natural selection

116
Q

evolutionary process

A

something ongoing past, or present that is the cause of an observable pattern

117
Q

evolutionary pattern

A

observable artifact left behind by evolutionary process

118
Q

homologous structure

A

similar structures show same common ancestor (divergent evolution)

119
Q

biogeography

A

species based on location

120
Q

convergent evolution

A

similarities due to similar selective pressure

121
Q

molecular biology

A

related organims have similar DNA

122
Q

microevolution

A

small evolutionary changes that are from generation to generation

123
Q

population genetics

A

study of how and why allele frequencies change

124
Q

Natural selection

A

alleles with advantageous with increase

125
Q

genetic drift

A

elimination of allele by chance

126
Q

bottle neck

A

chance event of catastrophe can reduce genetic variability

127
Q

founder effect

A

when small number of individuals start new population

128
Q

gene flow

A

new individual joins population

129
Q

mutation

A

new allele is added to gene pool

130
Q

morphological species

A

similar anatomy and morphology

131
Q

ecological species

A

share similar geographical location and niche

132
Q

biological species

A

can reproduce

133
Q

prezygotic

A

temporal (different breeding times) habitat (difference habitats) gametic isolation (different parts) behavioral isolation

134
Q

postzygotic

A

hybrid inviably (hybrid can’t survive) hybrid sterility (can’t reproduce)

135
Q

allopatric speciation

A

different geographic locations

136
Q

sympatric

A

same location but difference arise, genetic errors or behavioral

137
Q

autopolyploidy

A

two or more complete set of chromosomes in gametes

138
Q

allopolyploidy

A

two different species gametes combine

139
Q

reinforcement

A

hybrids are less fit but continues grow until the two cant reproduce

140
Q

fusion

A

the two species become one

141
Q

stability

A

fit hybrids continue to be produced

142
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

genus + species epithet

143
Q

phylogeny

A

hypothesis about taxa

144
Q

taxon

A

group of organisms

145
Q

clade

A

branch

146
Q

analogous

A

similarities due to convergent evolution (same selective pressure)

147
Q

transect sampling

A

straight line and follow it down

148
Q

mean

A

center number

149
Q

median

A

number in the middle of set

150
Q

mode

A

occurs most often

151
Q

null hypothsis

A

same, does not have differnce

152
Q

alternative hypothesis

A

predicts change

153
Q

response variable

A

what is being measured (effect

154
Q

test variable

A

cause, discrete, continuous and test levels

155
Q

p2+2pq+q2=1

A

hardy weignberg

156
Q

gene

A

gene is chunk of DNA

157
Q

allele

A

variation of a certain gene

158
Q

genome

A

entire genetic material

159
Q

genotype

A

combination of 2 alleles

160
Q

phenotype

A

physical aspect of gene

161
Q

ploidy

A

haploid or diploid

162
Q

hypothesis

A

idea that can be tested , has info to back up

163
Q

scientific theory

A

explanation for something that occurs in nature and has supporting evidence

164
Q

natural law

A

always true in nature

165
Q

cooperation behavior

A

altruistic behavior to nonkin

Intro to ecology and evolution (1 decks)

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