All lectures Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
Conservation biology
A
protect and maintain biological diversity
2
Q
Genetic diversity
A
allelic diversity
3
Q
species diversity
A
species richness or abundance
4
Q
community diversity
A
diversity/ health of habitats
5
Q
Species richness
A
total number of species that belong in a community
6
Q
relative abundance
A
frequency of species in community
7
Q
adaptive radiation
A
rapid divergence of ancestral lineage in response to new habitat
8
Q
Mass extinction
A
elevated rate of extinction occurs
9
Q
Habitat loss
A
humans occupy and develop land
10
Q
species area relationship
A
as area increases so does species
11
Q
overharvesting
A
harvesting at unsustainable rate: wild species ex : fish
12
Q
Exotic/invasive
A
new species introduced to habitat that compete for resources
13
Q
Global change
A
disruption of climate
14
Q
Nutrient pollution
A
by-product of agriculture ex: too many algae cause not enough oxygen making dead zones in ocean.
14
Q
Nutrient pollution
A
by-product of agriculture ex: too many algae cause not enough oxygen making dead zones in ocean.
15
Q
Global climate change
A
altered weather patterns
16
Q
Climate change
A
greenhouse gasses increase or decrease
17
Q
Environmental toxicology
A
movement of toxins in environment compartments
18
Q
Persistent organic pollutants
A
POPs toxin enters body and stays
19
Q
POPS
A
increase in individual’s age
20
Q
Biological magnification
A
refers to increase in pops as increase in trophic level
21
Q
Instrumental value
A
value based on function to humans- medicine, agriculture
22
Q
Intrinsic value
A
value for just existing
23
Q
Ambiguous cases
A
organisms benefit habitat
24
Organismal ecology
study of adaptations that allow individuals to live in habitats
25
population ecology
demography and intraspecific interactions
26
community ecology
interspecific interactions
27
ecosystem ecology
storage and movement of nutrients and energy in water, soil and atmosphere
28
landscape ecology
biomes and conditions that influence them
29
Biogeography
study of geographic distribution of living things
30
Abiotic factors
temperature and rainfall, nonliving
31
Endemic
species naturally found in one specific location
32
cosmopolitan
species found in multiple locations
33
Abiotic factors
energy, temperature, change in water, nutrients
34
ocean upwelling
wind causing water to move bringing up nutrients to the top
35
Climate
long term atmospheric conditions
36
weather
short period of time atmospheric conditions
37
tropical forests
wet, soil poor quality, high species diversity
38
Desert
dry, small leave to survive
39
Tundra
frozen soil, tiny plants and growing season short
40
temperate forest
not consistent/has seasons
41
boreal forest
north grassland, trees grow slower
42
temperate grassland
stay grassland due to forest fires, soil is high in nutrients
43
savanna
dominated by grasses, extremes of water availability
44
chapparel
shrubs
45
Intraspecific
within a species
46
interspecific
between species
47
competition
-,- competition for resources
48
exploitation +-
predation, herbivory, parasitism
49
positive interactions ++ 0+
mutualism, commensalism
50
competitive exclusion principle
two species cannot have same niche in habitat
51
resource partitioning
behavioral adaptations can occur when different species are competing for same resource
52
Niche
living condition required by certain species
53
Character displacement
different developmental outcomes in face of competition
54
Exploitation
Ex: predation place strong selective pressure on one species involved
55
parasitism
ideal parasite never kills host
56
keystone species
when present enhance community diversity
57
foundation species
provide physical habitat ex: coral
58
dominant species
most in numbers
59
invasive species
tend to overtake habitat
60
primary succession
new habitat is available for colonization for first time (glacier melting)
61
seocondary succession
response to disturbance in existing habitat (forest fires)
62
biotic
organisms
63
abiotic
energy, water nutrients (nonliving)n
64
Food chains
linear sequence of organisms where nutrietns is passed
65
primary producer
bottom of food chain
66
primary consumer
consumes primary producer
67
secondary consumer
carnivores who eat primary consumer
68
apex consumer
highest level consumer
69
photoautotrophs
energy from sun, energy source for majority
70
chemoautotrophs
synthesize organic molecules into own energy (without sunlight )
71
heterotrophs
from digesting living organisms
72
GPP
gross primary productivity (producers incorporate sun)
73
NPP
net primary producer
74
biomass
total mass in area
75
detritivores and decomposers
bacteria and fungi, feeds on dead organic material
76
Not all energy is passed on
some is for metabolic, and some is growth and reproduction
77
Water cycle
evaporation and sublimation
78
carbon cycle
respiration and photosynthesis
79
nitrogen cycle
nitrogen fixation by abiotic or biotic process, primary producers
80
nutrient limitation
one nutrient required will be scarce
81
population size
total number of individuals
82
population density
number of individuals within a certain area
83
population dispersion patterns
show spatial relationship between members of a population, random uniform and clumped
84
cohort
members of same age
85
fecundity
potential reproductive capacity of individual - animals offspring care, plants - number of seeds produced
86
early reproduction
early will produce more
87
late/single
produce once
88
J-shaped curve
unlimited resources
89
carrying capcity
when resource and habitat is limited
90
Density dependent factors of population regulation
predation, inter/intra competition, diseases
91
density independent factors of population refulation
weather, natural disasters and pollution
92
K selected species
stable predictable environments
93
r selected species
large number and unpredictable or changing environments
94
ethology
how evolution influence behavior
95
communication
visual, aural, chemical and tactile signals
96
innate behavior
fixed feature of organisms functions
97
learned behavrio
require prior experience
98
reflex action
involuntary rapid response to stimulus
99
kinesis
undirected movement in response to stimulus
100
taxis
directed movement towards or away from stimulus
101
fixed action pattern
series of movement caused by stimulus that continues even when stimulus is removed
102
migration
seasonal movement of animals
103
imprinting
limitied opportunity young to learn
104
spatial
landmarks help to assist navigation
105
associative
caue and effect
106
cognition
creative problem solving
107
social
observing others behavior
108
sexual selection
selective pressure associate with mate choice, attractiveness physical contests
109
Gametes few in number
high quality mate choice
110
gametes high in number
benefit from as many mates as possible
111
Selfishness
benefits actor at expense of others
112
altruism
benefits other as expense of actor (kin)
113
Origin of life
formation of biomolecules, polymers, vesicles, self replication
114
population thinking
thinking of change in population rather than individuals
115
apadtion
process of natural selection
116
evolutionary process
something ongoing past, or present that is the cause of an observable pattern
117
evolutionary pattern
observable artifact left behind by evolutionary process
118
homologous structure
similar structures show same common ancestor (divergent evolution)
119
biogeography
species based on location
120
convergent evolution
similarities due to similar selective pressure
121
molecular biology
related organims have similar DNA
122
microevolution
small evolutionary changes that are from generation to generation
123
population genetics
study of how and why allele frequencies change
124
Natural selection
alleles with advantageous with increase
125
genetic drift
elimination of allele by chance
126
bottle neck
chance event of catastrophe can reduce genetic variability
127
founder effect
when small number of individuals start new population
128
gene flow
new individual joins population
129
mutation
new allele is added to gene pool
130
morphological species
similar anatomy and morphology
131
ecological species
share similar geographical location and niche
132
biological species
can reproduce
133
prezygotic
temporal (different breeding times) habitat (difference habitats) gametic isolation (different parts) behavioral isolation
134
postzygotic
hybrid inviably (hybrid can't survive) hybrid sterility (can't reproduce)
135
allopatric speciation
different geographic locations
136
sympatric
same location but difference arise, genetic errors or behavioral
137
autopolyploidy
two or more complete set of chromosomes in gametes
138
allopolyploidy
two different species gametes combine
139
reinforcement
hybrids are less fit but continues grow until the two cant reproduce
140
fusion
the two species become one
141
stability
fit hybrids continue to be produced
142
binomial nomenclature
genus + species epithet
143
phylogeny
hypothesis about taxa
144
taxon
group of organisms
145
clade
branch
146
analogous
similarities due to convergent evolution (same selective pressure)
147
transect sampling
straight line and follow it down
148
mean
center number
149
median
number in the middle of set
150
mode
occurs most often
151
null hypothsis
same, does not have differnce
152
alternative hypothesis
predicts change
153
response variable
what is being measured (effect
154
test variable
cause, discrete, continuous and test levels
155
p2+2pq+q2=1
hardy weignberg
156
gene
gene is chunk of DNA
157
allele
variation of a certain gene
158
genome
entire genetic material
159
genotype
combination of 2 alleles
160
phenotype
physical aspect of gene
161
ploidy
haploid or diploid
162
hypothesis
idea that can be tested , has info to back up
163
scientific theory
explanation for something that occurs in nature and has supporting evidence
164
natural law
always true in nature
165
cooperation behavior
altruistic behavior to nonkin
