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MIMM 314 > Allergies and immunotherapies > Flashcards

Allergies and immunotherapies Flashcards

1
Q

where are allergic diseases the most common chronic disease

A

north america

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2
Q

who does allergies affect the most

A

young peeps

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3
Q

what is the proportion of people who have allergies

A

1/3

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4
Q

the main atopic diseases are:

A

-eczema
-allergic rhinitis
-asthma
-food allergies
-venom allergies
-drug allergies

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5
Q

allergic rhinitis are characterized by

A

runny nose, sneezing and congestion

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6
Q

which type of allergy do we know the most about

A

venom allergies
because the US used to work on them a lot during the vietnam war

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7
Q

true or false: allergies all use the same mechanisms to induce inflammation

A

true
-this means that they have common roots and have the same druggable targets

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8
Q

true or false: for food allergies the 2 sub types are both IgA mediated

A

false they are IgE mediated

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9
Q

what are the 2 subtypes of food allergies

A

-anaphylactic allergies aka classic allergies
-food pollen syndrome

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10
Q

which subtypoe of food allergy is a form ofg allergic rhinitis

A

food pollen syndrome

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11
Q

why is food pollen syndrome caused

A

-because fruits and veggiesrequire pollen for development it is possible that one develops an allergy against the proteins found in residual pollen on these fruits and veggies

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12
Q

which is the worse: anaphylactic allergies or food pollen syndrome

A

anaphylactic allergies

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13
Q

how can people with FPS(food pollen syndrome) can not have allergies

A

they cook the food because it denatures the proteins

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14
Q

true or false: people with FPS can just cook the food and they will be fine

A

false
sometimes because fruits and veggies will continue to undergo metabolic processes after being picked aka they will ripen, the devlopment of storage proteins may trigger a reaction
-storage proteins will be slightly different in chemical nature than the proteins found on/within the fruit/veggie right after it has been picked

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15
Q

which type of allergies are the most common

A

-respiratory allergies/allergic rjinitis and asthma

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16
Q

true or false the allergens by themselves are not inherently dangerous

A

true

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17
Q

allergies are typically associated with enhanced production and release of….

A

histamines

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18
Q

what does histamine fo

A

increase vascular permeabiliyu and vasolidation

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19
Q

all type I allergies are … mediated

A

IgE

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20
Q

type II and III allergies are mediated by….

A

IgG

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21
Q

IgE binds to

A

eosinophils and mast cells

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22
Q

Once bound tio the Fc receptot, should the antibody reencounter the corresponding allergen, the cell wil….

A

undergo de-granulation
-releasing a numbver of pro-inflammatory factors and histamines

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23
Q

true or false: hives caused by allergies always appear where the allergen touched it

A

false, they don’t really do that
-it is possible that they appear on diatal regions
-we call this a generalized symptom

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24
Q

true or false: the known mediators of allergic inflammation only works on short distances

A

tryue

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25
Q

true or false: allergies could be connected to the nervous system

A

true

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26
Q

true or false; you can condition mice to get allerfies

A

-each time the mice were exposed to an allergen (causing mast cells to degranulate) scientists would flicker the lights
-at some point they would flicker the lights and the mice would get a reaction

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27
Q

what is the currect allergy hypothesis about the immediate, generalized symptoms is that ….

A

-neuron signalling induces distal mast cell degranulation leading to the appearances of rashes/hives in distal regions
-also explainms why the symptoms shpw up so fast
-this is supported by the fact that the neural tracts are typically line with mast cells

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28
Q

what is the major mediator in allergic meduiation

A

histamines

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29
Q

what do mast cells release

A

-leukotrienes
-il4
-il13
-platelet activating factors

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30
Q

when are all the mediators of allergies released

A

they are all released when the bound IgE is stimulated

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31
Q

what is the role of IL4 in allergies

A

it will to the expansion ofd a th2 cell population

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32
Q

what is the role of il13 in allergies

A

will encourage the production of mucus and contraction of smooth muscle

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33
Q

true or false: leukotrienes are pro-inflammatory

A

false
they can be pro or anti inflammatory

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34
Q

what ios the role pf platelet activating factors

A

there is a working hypothesis that they are involved in the severity ogf the allergic reaction

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35
Q

what are the main effects of histamines on the body

A

-GI traft
-airways
-circulatory system

36
Q

effects of histamine: GI tract

A

-there will be increased fluid secretion
-increased peristalsis
-leading to the expulsion of any contents in the GI tract ex: diarrhea and vomitiong

37
Q

effects of histamines: airways

A

-there will be decreased diameter of the bronchial tubes and increased mucus secretion
-leading to congestion, wheezing, coughing and difficulty breathing
-cause bu IL13

38
Q

there are certain viral diseases that are linked to… because they activate ILC2s in the peripheral tissues

A

asthma

39
Q

affects of histamines on the circulatory system

A

-increased blood flow and increased permability
-leading to hypotension
-increased flow of lymph not the LN
-increased effector cell response in the periferal tissues

40
Q

the flooding of peripheral tissues is known …

A

edema
leads to visible swelling

41
Q

what is usually one ofg the biggest issues when it comes to allergic reactions

A

hypotensions

42
Q

true or false: mast cells are only harmful

A

false
-they also produce regulatory molecules and fight against parasitic infecttions
-so we can’t get rid of them all

43
Q

why did allergies devlop

A

the individual was mistakenly sensitized to an environmental substance when a PAMP/DAMP was picked up/detected by an APC
-hence the APC presented the allergen to a naive T cell for its activation as opposed to the pathogenic antigen

44
Q

true or false: genetics factors are also hypothesized to play a role in allergy devlopment

A

true

45
Q

true or false: should an individual lack proper filaggrin they are at lower risk for allergy development

A

false
higher
this is because filaggrin is a sealant for the skin and without any sealant, the skin cells can dehydrate easily

46
Q

filaggrin and allergies how are they related

A

-no filaggrin
-this is because filaggrin is a sealant for the skin and without any sealant, the skin cells can dehydrate easily
-the shrivelling leads to the formation of openings in the skin barrier
-microbe on the surface of the skin can then get through and rweach tissue layers deeper in the body
-this may then trigger an inflammatory response should a prr recognize a pamp on the microbe

47
Q

those with eczema are more geared towards mounting a type… immune response against all types of infections

A

-type 2
-thus even a basic bacterial infection which shgould induce the expansion and activation of Th17 cells instead leads to the expansion and activation of Th2 cells

48
Q

atopic march

A

describes the progession of allergy devlopment throughout the life span of an individual

49
Q

those in infancy are more likely to devlop which type of allergies

A

-food allergies
-atopic dermatitis

50
Q

as people age they are more likely to develop which type of allergies

A

-allergic asth,a
-allergic rhinitis

51
Q

why are there difference in allergies between old and young poeple

A

the allergic disease diseases that develop at a young age are localized/associated with areas of the body that need to learn how to mount proper immune responses aka the gut

52
Q

true or false: immune agents that protrect the airways, the local immune agents don’t need to go through training

A

true

53
Q

true or false: fior every food that we ingest we will mount an immune response against

A

true
the key is whether that immune response promotes tolerance or inflammation

54
Q

allergies are driven by the recognition of ….

A

enviromental substances as antigens

55
Q

allergic diseases are rooted in which sysrtem and how

A

-innate immune system ‘
-it starts with the innate immune system then it propagates as a type 2 immune response

56
Q

why is it good for kids to be antigenetically stimulated

A

training the immune system can help us veer away from relying so heavily on tyoe 2 immunity
-which in younger individuals is seen as the baseline fall back response

57
Q

kids who don’t have a functional or active foxp3 suffer from

A

-severe dermatitis and colitis
-this is because without foxp3 they have no t regs
-they cannot develop a tolerance for any substance
-they die within years of their birth if thety don’t receive a hematopoietic cell stem transplant

58
Q

true or false: ilc2 play a role in allergies

A

true

59
Q

th2 cells do what in allergies

A

th2 cells drive B cells to class switch forming UgE plasma cells which then produce a large amoubnt of the allergen specific ig3
-these ige antibodies will bind to mast cells and basophils

60
Q

the cytokines caused by the allergoes will be released by…. and lead to…

A

-released by DCs and epithelial cells
-leads to the stimulation of Th2 cells and ILC2s

61
Q

which type of immune response do people with allergies have

A

th2 immune response

62
Q

true or false: those with allergies have cirvulating IgE antibodies that are specific to allergens

A

true

63
Q

true or false: those with allergies possess high amounts of active TGF-b and IL10

A

-false it is lower
=decerased ability to suppress the immune system

64
Q

true or false; people with allergies may had a lack of exposure to antigens/verious enviromental substances as kids

A

true

65
Q

tryue or false: those with no allergies have a diverse and large population of t refgs

A

true
all of which can produce tgf-b to suppress innapropriate immune responses

66
Q

true or false those without allergies; have the ability to produce il-10

A

true
they work against the inflammatory nature of innate immune cells

67
Q

true or false; those without allergies may have naive t cell that recognize enviromental substances (potential allergens)

A

true
-they become anergic

68
Q

what are the different ways to treat allergies

A
  • steroids
    -broncho dilators
    -epinephrine
    -anti-histamines
    -dmards
69
Q

what do steroids do

A

an anti-inflammatory drug to downregulate the activity tio T cells

70
Q

why do we use bronco dilators

A

to reverse bronchospasms

71
Q

why do we use epinephrine

A

-increase blood and vascular constriction to counterract the vascular effects of histamine
-this is primarily to increase the blood pressure and change the circulation

72
Q

what do anti histamines dfo

A

factors that are capable of inhibiting histamine signalling

73
Q

what are dmards do

A

-disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs
-typically iused in the ocntect of theumatoid arthritis but can be ised as a form of targeted immune blockade in the context of allergies

74
Q

the treatments for allergies are classified in 5 classes

A

-allergen avoidance
-symptoms management
-targeted immune blockade
-immunotherapy
-prevention

75
Q

how do we use synptoms management

A

-nasal wahses, eyes washes to reduce itchy eyes and congested nose
-all of the previously mentioned medical interventions except dmards fall under this category

76
Q

what do targeted immune blockades dfo

A

-ceryain treatments target the Fc receptor on mast cells
-thus inhibiting the binding of the allergen specific IgE antibodies
-others maybe block type 2 cytokine receptors such as il4-a chain

77
Q

drawback of targeted immune blockade

A

=targeting cytokine receptors means that the cytokinme is still being produces, meaning that the cytokine is still being produces meaning thaty the drug has to be regularly administred maka moneyyyy

78
Q

what are the 3 principles of immuno therapy

A

-immune response is dynamic
-immunomodulation is possible due to the plasticity of the T cell subsets
-using repeated dosage exposures

79
Q

immunotherapy: immune response is dynamic

A

immunotherapy works to re-train the immune syustem insted of veering towards a th2 response, it is guided towards the more appropriate response

80
Q

immunotherapy: using repeated dosage exposures

A

-in small quantities
-the immune system can become tolerant to allergens
-this has been successful in venom allergies and a lil but in enviromental and food allergioes
-works better in kids

81
Q

immunotherapy requires.. to rebuild populations of T and B regs

A

the immune system
-Bregs are essential cytokine producers that have the ability to change back the T cell population after therapeutic conditioning in the case where they were not properly re-trained

82
Q

limitations of immunotherapy

A

-exposing the patient to an allergen risks severe anaphylactic shock
-therapy can take years
-the duration of the effects is unknown
-it is possible that the allergy re develops

83
Q

prevention of allergies:

A

-start early on
-creating complex antigenic environments for our kids ensures that they develop tolerant responses to as many differenty antuigens as possible while their immune systems are still developing aka let them play in dirst and eat snopw

84
Q

true or false: kids are better to eat possible allergens than to touch them

A

substances are introduced orally compared to topically as the later option would risk introduing microbes deeper in the body at the same time as the new introduction of an environmental substance

85
Q

true or false we have the cure for allergies

A

nah
the treatments are helpful in managing the synmptoms of an allergic reaction
-to do so would require to change the nature of the cell itself

86
Q

what is teh proportion of people with allergies that improve

A

1/5

MIMM 314 (11 decks)

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