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History Indians and Anglo Saxons > American West - Exam > Flashcards

American West - Exam Flashcards

1
Q

How many families in a band?

A

10 - 50 families

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2
Q

How many bands in a tribe?

A

Several

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3
Q

How often would bands meet up?

A

Once a year

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4
Q

Two tribes in the Sioux Nation?

A

Lakota and Dakota

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5
Q

Which level had chiefs?

A

Bands

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6
Q

How were chiefs chosen?

A

Elected

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7
Q

What skills were Chiefs chosen for?

A
  • Hunting
  • Spiritual connections
  • Warfare
  • Negotiation
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8
Q

What had to happen for a decision to be made in a tribe?

A

All the chiefs in the council would have to agree

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8
Q

3 famous chiefs?

A

Red Cloud
Sitting Bull
Crazy Horse

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9
Q

Did plains indians have to follow the council?

A

No

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10
Q

2 examples of Warrior brotherhoods?

A

Dog Soldiers
White Horse Riders

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11
Q

Jobs of the Warrior brotherhood?

A
  • Guarded the band
  • Hunted (organised hunts)
  • Fighting
  • Choosing camp sites
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12
Q

Who has tipis?

A

Each family

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13
Q

What were tipis made from?

A

Tanned buffalo hides

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14
Q

Why were tipis made from buffalo hides?

A
  • Easy to move
  • Cool in summer
  • Warm in winter
  • Could withstand strong winds
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15
Q

Jobs of women (squaws)?

A
  • Looking after tipi
  • Cooking
  • Clothes
  • Butchering the buffalo
  • Caring for children
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16
Q

What were horses a symbol of?

A

Wealth and status

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17
Q

What were horses used for?

A
  • Travelling
  • Fighting
  • Hunting
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18
Q

Which tribe had more horses than people?

A

Comanche

(3000 people –> 8000 horses)

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19
Q

Why were plains Indians nomadic?

A
  • Believed the land shouldn’t be farmed
  • Followed the buffalo
  • Always enough grass for buffalo and horses to eat
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20
Q

Buffalo dung

A

fuel

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21
Q

Buffalo fur

A

blankets

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22
Q

buffalo hide

A

leather

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23
Q

buffalo bladder

A

water skins

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24
Q

buffalo bones

A

tools

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25
Q

What did Plains Indians do with the heart of the Buffalo?

A

Bury to bring new life to the herd

Eat to bring warrior the strength of the buffalo in battle

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26
Q

War as an opportunity for?

A
  • Status
  • Honour
  • Gain new resources (horses)
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27
Q

Counting coup

A

Way of gaining honour without fighting to the death:
- Touch enemy
- Steal horse
- Steal weapon

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28
Q

Extent of winning for Plains Indians?

A

Aim was to avoid death. They would run away if needed.

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29
Q

Why would plains Indians scalp enemy?

A

Prevent them from entering the afterlife

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30
Q

What did visions from the spirit world decide?

A
  • If they would go to war
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31
Q

Name of the great spirit?

A

Wakan Tanka

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32
Q

How did Plains Indians bring on visions?

A
  • Fasting
  • Sun dance
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33
Q

Who would interpret visions?

A

Medicine Men

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34
Q

What land was sacred to the Sioux?

A

Black Hills

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35
Q

Indian Removal act?
When:
Who:

A

When: 1830
Who: President Jackson

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36
Q

Who were moved out of the Eastern states in the Indian Removal Act?

A

Tribes like the Cherokee Nation

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37
Q

What did the land where the Indians were moved to in 1830 become known as?

A

Indian Territory

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38
Q

Permanent Indian Frontier date?

A

1834

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39
Q

Permanent Indian Frontier?

A

Border between Indian Territory and states. Guarded by a series of forts

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40
Q

What were White people banned from selling to Indians?

A
  • Alcohol
  • Guns

Also could not settle on their land

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41
Q

Aim of the Permanent Indian Frontier?

A

Keep Plains Indians and White People seperate

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42
Q

When was the Indian Appropriations Act?

A

1851

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43
Q

What did the Indian Appropriations Act do?

A

Created reservations.
- Kept the Plains Indians away from the Oregon and California trails
- Made Plains Indians farm

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44
Q

How did the US government achieve the Indians Appropriation Act?

A

paid the Indians to move into reservations

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45
Q

Two acts in 1851

A
  • Indian Appropriations Act
  • First Fort Laramie Treaty
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46
Q

First Fort Laramie Treaty conditions for the Plains Indians

A
  • Territories for each tribe
  • Allow White migrants to move through their land
  • Accepted Railroads and Forts to be built on land
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47
Q

How much money did the US give the Plains Indians in the First Fort Laramie Treaty?

A

$5,000

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48
Q

Why did Plains Indians break First Fort Laramie Treaty?

A

Few translators
Not agreed by their Chief

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49
Q

How did US break First Fort Laramie Treaty?

A
  • Allowed White settlers to live in Cheyenne’s Land when gold discovered there in 1858
  • Allowed White settlers to hunt the buffalo
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50
Q

Which disease spread in the reservations?

A

Measles

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51
Q

When did settlers begin to farm the plains?

A

1850s

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52
Q

Date for Homesteaders act?

A

1862

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53
Q

Date for beginning of Ranching on the Plains?

A

1866

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54
Q

What disrupted the migration of the Buffalo?

A
  • Barbed Wire
  • Mines
  • Railroads
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55
Q

Why did White settlers hunt the buffalo?

A

Leisure activity after spending all day on the trains

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56
Q

Date of Mountain Men?

A

1830s

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57
Q

What did the Mountain Men hunt?

A

Beavers for felt hats

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58
Q

What did the Mountain Men do?

A
  • Found safe routes through the Rockies
  • Encouraged migration West
  • Told stories
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59
Q

What was California weather good for growing?

A
  • Oranges
  • Cotton
  • Grapes
  • Wheat
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60
Q

Manifest destiny

A

God-given right to make the whole of USA into civilised towns and farms

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61
Q

When was Oregon Trail opened?

A

1836

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62
Q

How long was the Oregon trail?

A

2,000 miles
3200 km
Missouri to Oregon

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63
Q

What pulled the wagons?

A

Oxen

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64
Q

US government spent … on an expedition map of the Oregon Trail

A

$30,000

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65
Q

1843

A

Marcus Witman led 1,000 settlers along the Oregon Trail in the “Great Emigration”

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66
Q

Why was the Oregon Trail dangerous?

A
  • Fast-flowing rivers
  • Harsh terrain
  • Mountain Ranges
  • Rocky ground
  • Wagons turning over
  • Cholera
  • Run out of food
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67
Q

When did the Plains Indians help White Settlers find their way along the Oregon Trail?

A

1840s

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68
Q

How many people in the Donner Party?

A

90

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69
Q

Donner Party date?

A

1846-47

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70
Q

Where did the Donner Party get stuck?

A

Sierra Nevada mountains (Lake Donner)

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71
Q

How many of the Donner Party died?

A

About 1/2

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72
Q

When did help arrive for the Donner Party?

A

February 1847

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73
Q

Who created the Mormon religion?

A

Joseph Smith

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74
Q

What was the Mormon’s promised land?

A

Great Salt Lake
- No established trail
- Outside of USA

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75
Q

What did the Mormon advance party do?

A
  • Found good trail with water and food
  • Set up river crossings
  • Planted crops
  • Found water
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76
Q

What did the Mormon’s advance party have?

A

A portable boat

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77
Q

Where were the Mormons waiting before setting off?

A

Winter quarters in Omaha

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78
Q

Mormon groups?

A
  • Selected with skills
  • One leader
  • Set off at intervals
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79
Q

How did Mormons tackle difficult land in Salt Lake?

A
  • Dug ditches to bring melted snow from surrounding mountains to their crops.
  • Charged travellers for guiding them across surrounding terrain
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80
Q

When was Gold discovered in California?

A

1848

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81
Q

How many prospectors rushed to California in 1849?

A

100,000

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82
Q

When did California become a state?

A

1850

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83
Q

Where did Miners live?

A

Camps

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84
Q

Which businesses prospered in 1849?

A
  • Saloons
  • Bars
  • Stores selling shovels and pans
  • Levi’s Jeans
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85
Q

What did Prospectors argue about?

A
  • Gold
  • Gambling
  • Prostitutes
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86
Q

Criminal who would wait outside camp to rob a miner?

A

Road agent

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87
Q

A person who stole a claim

A

Claim Jumper

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88
Q

Sprinkling a few bits of gold to trick someone into buying land for more than it was worth

A

Salting a claim

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89
Q

Example of an Organised Gang in the California Gold Rush?

A

Sydney Ducks

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90
Q

Why was California a good place to settle?

A
  • Good agriculture
  • Fertile soil
  • Good climate
  • Afford latest machines
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91
Q

Where did 1850s settlers settle in the plains?

A
  • Kansas
  • Nebraska
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92
Q

Difficulties of 1850s Plains Settlers?

A
  • Lack of water + food
  • Extreme heat in summer
  • Cold in winter
  • Sod
  • Disease
  • Isolated
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93
Q

What were Plains houses in 1850s made from?

A

Sod

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94
Q

What was used as fuel for 1850s Plains settlers?

A

Buffalo dung

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95
Q

Date: The Homesteaders Act?

A

1862

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96
Q

When did the American Civil War begin?

A

1861

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97
Q

Who promoted settlement and developments of the plains in the Civil War?

A

President Lincoln

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98
Q

What did President Lincoln want for the Plains?

A
  • Settled for Agriculture
    - Small-scale family run farms
    - No slaves
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99
Q

Homesteaders Act: Claim?

A

160 acre plot for $10

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100
Q

Meaning of “prove up”?

A

They now owned the land

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101
Q

Homesteaders Act: Proving up?

A

Buy for $30, after 5 years of living there

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102
Q

Who could claim a homestead?

A

The head of the household
- Men
- Widows
- Not Plains Indians

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103
Q

How much land was claimed by homesteaders act by mid-1870s?

A

6 million acres

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104
Q

How many homesteaders gave up their claims?

A

50%

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105
Q

Abuse of the Homesteaders act?

A

Rich landowners got employees to claim land for them

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106
Q

Pacific Railroad act: Date?

A

1862

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107
Q

2 companies in Pacific Railroad Act?

A
  • Union Pacific
  • Central Pacific

Rivalry made them build faster

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108
Q

What did the Pacific Railroad act build?

A

Transcontinental Railway

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109
Q

Pacific Railroad Act?

How much were companies paid per mile on flat land?

A

$16,000

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110
Q

Pacific Railroad Act?

How much were the companies paid per mile in the mountains?

A

$48,000

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111
Q

Pacific Railroad Act?

How much land were the companies given to sell per mile?

A

6,400 acres

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112
Q

When was progress of the Pacific Railway Act slow until?

A

End of the American Civil War in 1865

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113
Q

When was the Transcontinental Railway finished?

A

1869

Too 7 years to complete

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114
Q

Who built the railway?

A
  • Workers
  • Irish Emigrants
  • Chinese Emigrants
  • Formerly enslaved people
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115
Q

How many died building the Transcontinental Railway?

A

12,000

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116
Q

Which towns were built as a result of railways leading into the transcontinental railway?

A
  • Denver in Colorado
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117
Q

Population of Denver in Colorado?

A

1870 –> 5,000
1880 –> 36,000

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118
Q

What did the Transcontinental Railway mean for the homesteaders?

A
  • Order goods through mail order catalogues
  • Meet friends in the nearest town
  • Send crops to be sold in cities (Chicago)
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119
Q

Farming Technique where the land was ploughed immediately after rain or snow in order to trap water in the soil?

A

Dry Farming

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120
Q

Farming device used to pump water from deep wells?

A

Haliday’s self-farming windmill

121
Q

When was barbed wire invented?

A

1874

122
Q

Properties of Barbed Wire?

A
  • Durable
  • Cheap
123
Q

How did Homesteaders use Barbed Wire?

A
  • Fence off land
  • Protect crops from Buffalo
  • Stop livestock wondering off
124
Q

Who did homesteaders employ to break up the sod?

A

Sodbusters

125
Q

When was the sulky plough invented?

A

1875

126
Q

Properties of the sulky plough?

A
  • Expensive
  • Strong enough to break up sod and plough many furrows at once
127
Q

Where was the Turkey Red Wheat from?

A

Russia (harsh climate)

128
Q

When was Turkey Red Wheat introduced?

A

1870s

129
Q

What developments (1860s - 1870s) made farming the plains more profitable?

A
  • Dry Farming
    • Haliday’s self-governing windmill
  • Barbed Wire
  • Sulky Plough
  • Turkey Red Wheat
130
Q

When was the Timbre culture act?

A

1873

131
Q

What was the Timbre Culture act?

A

Plant trees on 40 acres –> Get another 160 acres

132
Q

What did the Timbre Culture Act provide?

A
  • Trees for fuel
  • Shelter for livestock
  • An abuse for rich landowners
133
Q

Where were Cattle raised in 1850s?

A

Texas

134
Q

Where were cattle sold in 1850s?

A

Southern USA markets
- Sedalia
- St Louis in Missouri

135
Q

Where banned Texan Cattle, why?

A

Missouri
- Cattle had Texan fever

136
Q

How many cattle in Texas after Civil War?

A

5 million

As the cowboys had been called up to fight

137
Q

How much was one cattle worth in Texas, after the Civil War?

A

$5

138
Q

Goodnight-Loving Trail: date?

A

1866

139
Q

Who created the Goodnight-Loving trail?

A

Charles Goodnight
Oliver Loving

140
Q

How long was the Goodnight-Loving trail?

A

700 miles

141
Q

Who did the Goodnight-Loving Trail allow Charles and Oliver to sell cattle too?

For how much?

A

$15
- Plains Indians on Reservations
- US Army
- Miners
- Railroad workers

142
Q

Goodnight-Loving Trial?

How many cattle was the Government buying?

A

1870 –> 60,000 cattle

143
Q

What did Charles goodnight invent?

A

Chuck Wagon

144
Q

What was the Chuck Wagon?

A

Wagon with a mobile Kitchen
- Cook would prepare food for the cowboys
- Keep medicine

145
Q

How long was the Goodnight-Loving Trail for Cowboys?

A

6 months

Known as the ‘Long Drive’

146
Q

When did McCoy build Abilene?

A

1867

147
Q

Where was Abilene before McCoy?

A

Chisolm Trail from Texas

148
Q

When did the Pacific Railroad reach Abilene?

A

1867

149
Q

What did McCoy do when the Pacific Railroad reached Abilene?

A

Brought up land and built:
- Saloons
- Hotels
- Stockyards

He then advertised it to cowboys

150
Q

What did Abilene do for Cowboys?

A

Could raise cows in the city
Then put them on the Transcontinental Railway
Send them to Chicago
Sell them for $40

151
Q

How many cows passed through Abilene?

A

First 5 years
- 3 million

152
Q

What was Abilene known as?

A

Cow Town

153
Q

What other cow towns were built?

A

Dodge City
Cheyenne

154
Q

How did railway transport of Cows change after Abilene?

A
  1. Live Animals
  2. Meat –> with ice blocks
  3. 1878 –> Proper refrigerated car created
155
Q

Proper refrigerated train cart created?

A

1878

156
Q

Iliff and ranching on the plains: Date?

A

1866

157
Q

Why did Iliff buy land in Colorado?

A

He realised Cows could survive harsh winters on the plains

158
Q

When did Iliff buy land in Colorado?

A

1866

159
Q

How big was Iliff’s herd of cattle?

A

26,000

160
Q

What did Iliff create?

A

Open Range

161
Q

Who did Iliff sell cows to?

A
  • Miners
  • Railroad Companies
  • US Government
  • Plains Indians
162
Q

Who became known as Cattle Barons?

A
  • Iliff
  • Goodnight
163
Q

Average age of Cowboys?

A

22

164
Q

Job of Cowboys?

A
  • Round up and band cattle in the Spring
  • Drive cattle to the market
  • Had to find other jobs in the winter
  • Poorly paid
165
Q

Dangers of Cowboys?

A
  • Attacks from Plains Indians
  • Long Days
  • Stampeeds
166
Q

Best Cowboy job:

Worst Cowboy Job:

A

Best: Trail Boss

Worst: Drag Rider at back

167
Q

When did Farming become more efficient, specialised and successful?

A

c1876 - c1895

168
Q

What improved in farming –> c1876 - c1895?

A
  • Chemical fertiliser
  • More machinery
169
Q

1880 cattle?

A

Lots –> Led to overpopulation.
Meat prices dropped, shortage of grass.

170
Q

When was there a drought (cattle)?

A

1883

171
Q

What was the ‘Great Die Up’?

A

Harsh Winter

172
Q

When was the ‘Great Die Up’?

A

1886 - 1887

173
Q

How many cattle died in the ‘Great Die Up’?

A

15%

174
Q

What led to the end of the Open Range?

A

The Great Die Up

175
Q

What happened after the end of the Open Range?

A
  • Smaller herds
  • Ranchers focused on quality of meat
  • Prices rose
  • Cattle needed more intricate care
  • Fenced in by Barbed Wire
176
Q

What happened to cowboys when the open range ended?

A
  • Fewer needed
  • Employed all year round
  • Safer / but boring
  • Cared for calves and fixed fences
  • Ranches had strict rules (banning gambling and alcohol)
177
Q

Edoxuster Movement: Date?

A

1879

178
Q

What was the exoduster movement?

A

African Slaves moving out of southern states
- Moved to plains as homesteaders
- Moved to states like Kansas

179
Q

Who encouraged the Exoduster movement?

A

Benjamin Singleton
- Former slave

180
Q

How was the Exoduster Movement difficult?

A
  • Many ran out of money
  • Many caught Yellow Fever
  • Ran out of money for supplies
  • Good land claimed by White Homesteaders
181
Q

A settlement that grew in the Exoduster Movement?

A
  • Nicodemus in Kansas
182
Q

Oklahoma Land Rushes: Date?

A

1889 - 1895

183
Q

What were the Oklahoma Land Rushes?

A

USA opened Plains Indians Territory for settlement

184
Q

How did Oklahoma Land Rushes work?

A

On gun fire, Homesteaders would rush for the land that they wanted (160-acres)

185
Q

First Oklahoma Land Rush?

A

2 million acres of land opened

186
Q

Largest Oklahoma Land Rush?

A

1893
- 8 million acres

187
Q

What happened to the Town Marshal in Abilene?

A

Shot and killed in 1870 while trying to arrest a murderer

188
Q

Plains crimes?

A
  • Stagecoach, railroad, bank robberies
189
Q

Who elected the US Town Marshal?

A

Federal Government
Towns

190
Q

How many people were required for a Sheriff to be elected?

A

5,000 people in a county

191
Q

Who could call up a posse?

A

Sheriff
Town Marshal

192
Q

What did Vigilantes usually do to those they committed of crimes?

A

Lynched, without a fair trial

193
Q

What was set up for law enforcement in miner’s towns?

A

Miner’s courts
- Ordinary people

194
Q

When was the Pinkerton Detective Agency set up?

A

1851

195
Q

What did the Pinkerton Detective Agency do?

A
  • Protected banks / Trains
  • Catch criminals
196
Q

How did the US gov try to reduce lawlessness in late 1860s?

A

Built more courthouses and jails

197
Q

What happened as the population grew for lawlessness?

A

Decreased because more towns could appoint a Town Marshal

198
Q

What meant that law officers could ask for help quickly in late 1860s?

A
  • Telegraph wires
  • Railroads
199
Q

What was Billy the Kid involved in?

A

The Lincoln County War

200
Q

When did Billy the Kid become an orphan?

A

As a teenager

201
Q

What did Billy work as for John Tunstall?

A
  • Cowboy
  • Gunman
202
Q

Who was John Tunstall’s rivals?

A
  • The House
    A shop owned by the Murphys and Dolans
203
Q

Who did the House control?

A

Corrupt Sheriff Brady

204
Q

When was John Tunstall murdered?

A

1878

205
Q

What was the name of Billy the kid’s gang?

A

The Regulators

206
Q

What did the Regulators do after Tunstall was murdered?

A

Revenge killings
- Including Sheriff Brady

207
Q

What was appointed Sheriff after Billy killed Sheriff brady?

A

Sheriff Pat Garrett

208
Q

What was the bounty for Billy the Kid, after be was captured and escaped from Sheriff Garrett?

A

$500

209
Q

Where was Billy the Kid found when he was killed?

A

Hiding with local Mexican farmers

210
Q

What did Sheriff Pat Garrett do when he shot Billy the Kid?

A
  • Claimed the bounty
  • Wrote a book
211
Q

Where is Tombstone?

A

Arizona

212
Q

Who is Virgil Earp?

A
  • Deputy US Marshal
  • Deputy Town Marshal for Tombstone
213
Q

Who helped Vigil Earp in Tombstone?

A
  • Brothers (Morgan and Wyatt)
  • Friend (Doc Holiday)
214
Q

Who was Vigil Earp (and his group)’s rivals?

A

The ‘Cowboys’
- Clantons
- McLaurys

215
Q

What did the Earps accuse the ‘Cowboys’ of?

A

Rustling

216
Q

What did the ‘Cowboys’ accuse the Earps of?

A
  • Corruption
  • Brutality
217
Q

Why did the OK Corral occur?

A

Earps said the Cowboys were carrying illegal weapons and went to disarm them

218
Q

How many shots were fired at the OK Corral?

A

30

219
Q

How many Cowboys were killed at OK Corral?

A

3

220
Q

Who was unscathed at OK Corral?

A

Wyatt Earp

221
Q

What happened after the OK Corral?

A
  • Revenge killings
  • Earps driven out of Tombstone
  • Power of the Cowboys reduced
  • Laws on carrying guns in town were enforced (peace achieved)
222
Q

Johnson County War: Date?

A

1892

223
Q

What is the Jonson County War an example of?

A

Range War

224
Q

What caused the Johnson Country war?

A

Tension between different settlers (Ranchers and Homesteaders) –> especially over water

225
Q

What did the Ranchers accuse the Homesteaders of in the Johnson County War?

A
  • Barbed wire hurt cows
226
Q

What did the Homesteaders accuse the Ranchers of, in Johnson County War?

A

Cows ate their crops

227
Q

What was the rich organisation of Ranchers called in Johnson County?

A

Wyoming Stock Growers Association
(WSGA)

228
Q

What was the first act of the Johnson county war?

A

WSGA accused Jim Averil and Ella Watson of rustling –> so they lynched them

229
Q

What was the second action of the Johnson County War?

A

WSGA hired Texan Invaders, with the support of Wyoming Governor.

230
Q

How many homesteaders were killed by the Texan Invaders in the Johnson county war?

A

70

231
Q

Who held up the Texan Invaders in the Johnson County War?

A

Nate Champion

232
Q

Who fought the Texan Invaders in the Johnson County War?

A

Sheriff Angus and the people of Buffalo

–> they surrounded them

233
Q

Who was sent to rescue the Texan Invaders in Johnson County?

A

US 6th Cavalry

234
Q

Why were no WSGA arrested?

A

Paid lawyers to extend the trial, until Homesteaders could no longer pay.

235
Q

What occurred after the Johnson County war?

A

Relations between homesteaders and ranchers improved

236
Q

Date of the OK Corral?

A

1851

237
Q

Little Crows War: Date?

A

1862

238
Q

The Sand Creek Massacre: Date?

A

1864

239
Q

Red Cloud’s War: Date?

A

1866-1868

240
Q

The Battle of Little Big Horn: Date?

A

1876

241
Q

4 Plains Indians Wars?

A
  • Little Crow’s War
  • The Sand Creek Massacre
  • Red Cloud’s War
  • The Battle of Little Big Horn
242
Q

When did the Dakota tribe agree to live on a reservation?

A

1850s

243
Q

What was the payment for the Dakota tribe living on a reservation (1850s)?

A

$80,000 per year
($100 per person)

244
Q

When did the Crops fail for the Dakota tribe on the reservations?

A

1861

245
Q

When was the US payment not made to the Dakota tribe?

A

1862

246
Q

Who tried to stop the Dakota tribe breaking into stores?

A

Little Crow (the chief)

247
Q

How many settlers were killed when the Dakota tribe broke into stores for food (1862)?

A

700 settlers

248
Q

Little Crow’s War:
What happened after 700 settlers killed?

A

US army sent in

249
Q

Little Crow’s War:
What happened after the US army were sent in?

A

2000 Plains Indians surrendered

250
Q

Little Crow’s War:
How many plains Indians were sentenced to death?

A

400

251
Q

Little Crow’s War:
How and why were not all Plains Indians executed?

A

38 executed

President Lincoln intervened

252
Q

What occurred after the Little Crow’s war?

A

Dakota tribe moved onto smaller reservation
Little Crow shot by a bounty hunter

253
Q

Sand Creek Massacre:

What happened when gold was discovered on the reservations?

A

Arapaho and Cheyenne moved off the land

254
Q

Sand Creek Massacre:

When did Arapaho and Cheyenne already give up land?

A

90% given away in the Treaty of Fort Wise (1861)

  • Given annual payments in return
255
Q

Sand Creek Massacre:

Who did not accept the Treaty of Fort Wise?

A

Dog Soldiers

  • Fort miners and settlers
256
Q

Sand Creek Massacre:

Who tried to negotiate peace?

A

Black Kettle
- Cheyenne Leader

257
Q

Sand Creek Massacre:

Who hated the Plains Indians?

A
  • Colorado Governor John Evans
  • Colonel Chivington
258
Q

Sand Creek Massacre:

What did Colorado Governor John Evans and Colonel Chivington do?

A

Massacred a camp of 130 Plains Indians, with Black Kettle.

Black Kettle had displayed the American and White flag.

259
Q

Sand Creek Massacre:

Where was John Evans Governor of?

A

Colorado

260
Q

Who fought back after the sand creek massacre?

A

Dog Soldiers + Others

261
Q

Sand Creek Massacre:

What was the result of Dog Soldiers fighting back after?

A
  • Julesberg burned down
262
Q

Sand Creek Massacre:

When did US gov promise compensation for Arapaho and Cheyenne?

A

1865

263
Q

Sand Creek Massacre:

When did the US move Cheyenne and Arapaho onto smaller territory?

A

1868

264
Q

Sand Creek Massacre:

What did US government do in 1868?

A

Move Cheyenne and Arapaho onto smaller territory

Didn’t pay compensation

265
Q

Sand Creek Massacre:

What happened to Black kettle?

A

Killed in 1868, standing under a white flag

266
Q

What Plains Indians Wars started due to Gold being found?

A
  • The Sand Creek Massacre (Cheyenne and Arapaho Land)
  • Red Cloud’s War (Montana)
  • The Battle of Little Big Horn (Black Hills)
267
Q

The Battle of Little Big Horn:

When was gold discovered in the Black Hills?

A

1874

268
Q

The Battle of Little Big Horn:

What happened after Gold was discovered in the Black Hills?

A
  • Lots of miners arrived
  • The US tried to buy the Black Hills from the Sioux
  • The Sioux refused
269
Q

The Battle of Little Big Horn:

What happened after the US tried to buy the Black Hills?

A

The Sioux left to join Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.

270
Q

The Battle of Little Big Horn:

How did the US try to get the Sioux Back onto their reservation?

A

Sent in the 7th Cavalry

271
Q

The Battle of Little Big Horn:

What is the Great Sioux War?

A

When the Sioux fought the 7th Cavalry as they tried to get them back onto their reservations

272
Q

The Battle of Little Big Horn:

Who was General Custer?

A

Civil War Hero

  • He thought he could easily defeat the Sioux
273
Q

The Battle of Little Big Horn:

General Custer’s army?

A

700 men
divided into 3 sections

274
Q

The Battle of Little Big Horn:

How big was the section custer was in?

A

260 men

275
Q

The Battle of Little Big Horn:

How many Sioux fought Custers army?

A

260 men to custer

2,000 Sioux Warriors

276
Q

The Battle of Little Big Horn:

What type of rifles did the Sioux Nation warriors have?

A

Winchester repeating rifles

277
Q

The Battle of Little Big Horn:

What happened to Custer and his army?

A

Killed (all)

278
Q

The Battle of Little Big Horn:

How was it a disaster in the long term?

A

US became hostile
- It was assimilate or die

  • Forced to give up Black Hills
  • Forced onto reservations
  • Banned from carrying weapons
  • Forts built throughout reservation
  • Military Occupation
279
Q

When did the Buffalo go into almost extinction?

A

1870s

280
Q

Why were the Buffalo Hunted by White Settlers?

A
  • Leisure
  • Leather for machinery
281
Q

Where were Plains Indians children sent?

A

Boarding Schools

282
Q

What were the Plains Indians boarding schools like?

A
  • New language
  • New names
  • Cut hair
  • Hopeless
283
Q

When was the Ghost Dance Movement?

A

1890

284
Q

When was the Dawes Act?

A

1887

285
Q

What could Plains Indians do thanks to the Dawes Act?

A
  • Claim 160-acre plot of land
  • Get US citizenship
286
Q

What was the downside of the Dawes Act?

A
  • Reduced power of Tribes
  • Had to live in single families
  • Many sold their land to White Settlers
287
Q

When was the Closure of the Frontier?

A

1890

288
Q

What was the Closure of the Frontier?

A
  • No longer a frontier
  • West had been settled
  • Manifest destiny acheived
289
Q

What could the Ghost Dance do?

A
  • White people disappear
  • Dead Plains Indians come back to life
290
Q

How was the Ghost Dance created?

A

Wakantanka gave Wovoka a vision of Plains Indians rejecting the White Settlers way of life –> they did the Ghost Dance

291
Q

Who supported the Ghost Dance?

A

Sitting Bull

They arrested him for it and shot him dead

292
Q

When was the Massacre at Wounded Knee?

A

1890

293
Q

Massacre at Wounded Knee:

Who did Sitting Bull’s followers join, after he was shot?

A

Big Foot

294
Q

Massacre at Wounded Knee:

What did Big Foot intend to do for Sitting Bull’s people?

A

Lead them to safety with Red Cloud

295
Q

Massacre at Wounded Knee:

Who found Big Foot and the followers at Wounded Knee?

A

The 7th Cavalry

296
Q

Massacre at Wounded Knee:

Why was there confusion?

A

Some of the Plains Indians had weapons - the 7th cavalry asked them to disarm

297
Q

Massacre at Wounded Knee:

Why did the 7th Calvary fire cannons at the Plains Indians?

A

They wanted revenge for the Battle of Little Big Horn

298
Q

Massacre at Wounded Knee:

Who died?

A

250 Plains Indians
- Mostly women and children

299
Q

Massacre at Wounded Knee:

What did the US Army do?

A

Praised the 7th Cavalry
- They now felt that the ‘Indian problem’ had been ‘solved’

300
Q

What was the Last form of resistance between the Plains Indians and the US?

A

The Massacre at Wounded Knee

History Indians and Anglo Saxons (7 decks)

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