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MCRP: Clinical Sciences > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the sections of the brachial plexus?

A

Roots, trunks, divisions, cords, branches
Mnemonic:Real Teenagers Drink Cold Beer

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2
Q

What are the rami of the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

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3
Q

Where are the roots of the brachial plexus located?

A

Located in the posterior triangle of neck

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4
Q

Where are the trunks of the brachial plexus located ?

A
  • Located posterior to middle third of clavicle
  • Upper and middle trunks related superiorly to the subclavian artery
  • Lower trunk passes over 1st rib posterior to the subclavian artery
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5
Q

Where are the divisions of the brachial plexus located?

A

Apex of the axilla

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6
Q

Where are the cords of the brachial plexus located?

A

Axillary artery

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7
Q

What foramen does CN I pass through?

A

Cribriform plate

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8
Q

What foramen does CN II pass through?

A

Optic canal

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9
Q

What foramen does CN III pass through?

A

Superior orbital fissure

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10
Q

What foramen does CN IV pass through?

A

Superior orbital fissure

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11
Q

What foramen does CN V pass through?

A

V1: SOF
V2: Foramen rotundum
V3: Foramen ovale

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12
Q

What foramen does CN VI pass through?

A

SOF

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13
Q

What foramen does CN VII pass through?

A

Internal auditory meatus

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14
Q

What foramen does CN VIII pass through?

A

Internal auditory meatus

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15
Q

What foramen does CN IX pass through?

A

Jugular foramen

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16
Q

What foramen does CN X pass through?

A

Jugular foramen

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17
Q

What foramen does CN XI pass through ?

A

Jugular foramen

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18
Q

What foramen does CN XII pass through?

A

Hypoglossal canal

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19
Q

What is the function of CN III? What does a palsy look like?

A

Eye movement (MR, IO, SR, IR)
Pupil constriction
Accomodation
Eyelid opening

Palsy results in
- ptosis
- ‘down and out’ eye
- dilated, fixed pupil

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20
Q

What is the function of CN IV? What does a palsy look like?

A

Eye movement (SO)

Palsy results in defective downward gaze → vertical diplopia

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21
Q

What is the function of CN V? What does a palsy look like?

A

Facial sensation
Mastication

Lesions may cause:
trigeminal neuralgia
loss of corneal reflex (afferent)
loss of facial sensation
paralysis of mastication muscles
deviation of jaw to weak side

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22
Q

What is the function of CN VI? What does a palsy look like?

A

Eye movement of lateral rectus

Palsy results in defective abduction → horizontal diplopia

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23
Q

What is the function of CN VII? What does a palsy look like?

A

Facial movement
Taste (anterior 2/3rds of tongue)
Lacrimation
Salivation

Lesions may result in:
flaccid paralysis of upper + lower face
loss of corneal reflex (efferent)
loss of taste
hyperacusis

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24
Q

What is the function of CN VIII? What does a palsy look like?

A

Function: Hearing and balance

Palsy:
Hearing loss
Vertigo, nystagmus
Acoustic neuromas are Schwann cell tumours of the cochlear nerve

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25
Q

What is the function of CN IX? What does a palsy look like?

A

Taste (posterior 1/3rd of tongue)
Salivation
Swallowing
Mediates input from carotid body & sinus

Lesions may result in;
hypersensitive carotid sinus reflex
loss of gag reflex (afferent)

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26
Q

What is the function of CN IX? What does a palsy look like?

A

Taste (posterior 1/3rd of tongue)
Salivation
Swallowing
Mediates input from carotid body & sinus

Lesions may result in;
hypersensitive carotid sinus reflex
loss of gag reflex (afferent)

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27
Q

What is the function of CN X? What does a palsy look like?

A

Phonation
Swallowing
Innervates viscera

Lesions may result in;
uvula deviates away from site of lesion
loss of gag reflex (efferent)

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28
Q

What is the function of CN XI? What does a palsy look like?

A

Head and shoulder movement

Lesions may result in;
weakness turning head to contralateral side

29
Q

What is the function of CN XII? What does a palsy look like?

A

Tongue deviates towards side of lesion

30
Q

What cranial nerves are involved in the corneal reflex?

A

Afferent: Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Efferent: Facial nerve (VII)

31
Q

What cranial nerves are involved in the jaw jerk?

A

Afferent: Mandibular nerve (V3)
Efferent: Mandibular nerve (V3)

32
Q

What cranial nerves are involved in the gag reflex?

A

Afferent: Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Efferent: Vagal nerve (X)

33
Q

What cranial nerves are involved in the carotid sinus?

A

Afferent: Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Efferent: Vagal nerve (X)

34
Q

What cranial nerves are involved in the pupillary light reflex?

A

Afferent: Optic nerve (II)
Efferent: Oculomotor nerve (III)

35
Q

What cranial nerves are involved in lacrimation?

A

Afferent: Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Efferent: Facial nerve (VII)

36
Q

What does the C2 dermatome innervate?

A

Posterior half of the skull (cap)

37
Q

What does the C3 dermatome innervate?

A

High turtleneck shirt

38
Q

What does the C4 dermatome innervate?

A

Low-collar shirt

39
Q

What does the C5 dermatome innervate?

A

Ventral axial line of upper limb

40
Q

What does the C6 dermatome innervate?

A

Thumb + index finger

Make a 6 with your left hand by touching the tip of the thumb & index finger together - C6

41
Q

What does the C7 dermatome innervate?

A

Middle finger + palm of hand

42
Q

What does the C8 dermatome innervate?

A

Ring + little finger

43
Q

What does the T4 dermatome innervate?

A

Nipples

44
Q

What does the T5 dermatome innervate?

A

Inframammory fold

45
Q

What does T10 dermatome innervate?

A

Belly button

46
Q

What does L1 dermatome innervate?

A

L for ligament, 1 for 1nguinal

47
Q

What does L4 dermatome innervate?

A

Down on aLL fours - L4

48
Q

What does L5 dermatome innervate?

A

Big toe, dorsum of foot (except lateral aspect)

49
Q

What does the S1 dermatome innervate?

A

Lateral foot, small toe

50
Q

What is the motor and sensory function of the femoral nerve?
What is the sensory function?

A

Motor: Knee extension, thigh flexion
Sensory: Anterior and medial aspect of the thigh and lower leg

51
Q

What is the motor function of the obturator nerve?
What is the sensory function?

A

Motor: Thigh adduction
Sensory: Medial thigh

52
Q

WHat is the sensory function of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh?

A

Lateral and posterior surfaces of the thigh

53
Q

Motor and sensory function of the tibial nerve?

A

Foot plantarflexion and inversion
Sole of foot

54
Q

Motor and sensory function of common pudendal nerve?

A

Motor: Foot dorsiflexion and eversion. Extensor hallucis longus
Sensory: Dorsum of the foot and the lower lateral part of the leg

55
Q

Motor and sensory function of superior gluteal nerve ?
Sensory function?

A

Hip ABduction
Sensory function Nil

56
Q

Motor and sensory function of inferior gluteal nerve ?
Sensory function?

A

Motor Hip extension and lateral rotation
Sensory function: Nil

57
Q

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A

Laterally Biceps femoris above, lateral head of gastrocnemius and plantaris below
Medially Semimembranosus and semitendinosus above, medial head of gastrocnemius below
Floor Popliteal surface of the femur, posterior ligament of knee joint and popliteus muscle
Roof Superficial and deep fascia

58
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal artery and vein
Small saphenous vein
Common peroneal nerve
Tibial nerve
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
Genicular branch of the obturator nerve
Lymph nodes

59
Q

What are the nerve roots of the radial nerve?

A

Continuation of posterior cord of the brachial plexus (root values C5 to T1)

60
Q

What is the motor function of the radial nerve?

A

Main branch:
Triceps
Anconeus
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis

Posterior interosseus:
Supinator
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Extensor indicis
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor pollicis longus and brevis
Abductor pollicis longus

61
Q

What is the sensory function of the radial nerve?

A

The area of skin supplying the proximal phalanges on the dorsal aspect of the hand is supplied by the radial nerve (this does not apply to the little finger and part of the ring finger)

62
Q

What is the pattern of radial nerve damage?

A

wrist drop
sensory loss to small area between the dorsal aspect of the 1st and 2nd metacarpals

63
Q

What nerve roots does the ulnar nerve arise from?

A

arises from medial cord of brachial plexus (C8, T1)

64
Q

What does the ulnar nerve supply motor innervation to?

A

medial two lumbricals
aDductor pollicis
interossei
hypothenar muscles: abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi
flexor carpi ulnaris

65
Q

What does the ulnar nerve supply sensory innervation to?

A

medial 1 1/2 fingers (palmar and dorsal aspects)

66
Q

What is the pattern of damage to the ulnar nerve?

A

‘claw hand’ - hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joints and flexion at the distal and proximal interphalangeal joints of the 4th and 5th digits
wasting and paralysis of intrinsic hand muscles (except lateral two lumbricals)
wasting and paralysis of hypothenar muscles
sensory loss to the medial 1 1/2 fingers (palmar and dorsal aspects)

67
Q

What is the ulnar paradox?

A

ulnar paradox - clawing is more severe in distal lesions

68
Q

What is special about the C8 spinal nerve?

A

C8 nerve root exits the spine below the C7 vertebra, being the only cervical nerve root which exits below a vertebra. The rest of the cervical nerve roots derive their name from the vertebra below them. The most common acute pathology causing a radiculopathy is a disc herniation and therefore this is the correct answer.

MCRP: Clinical Sciences (11 decks)

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