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Praxis Study Ch 1 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

When an excessive amount of carbon dioxide creates a need for oxygen, the ___________ in the brain stem fires impulses to the respiratory muscles.

A

Medulla Oblongata

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2
Q

________ is the exchange of gas between an organism and its environment.

A

Respiration

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3
Q

Inhalation draws air into the lungs, where an exchange of _________ & _________ takes place.

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide

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4
Q

Process of Respiration: 7 steps

A
  1. Inhale, 2. chest and lungs expand, 3. Diaphragm lowers. 4. air flows in through the nose and mouth, 5. air goes down pharynx and between the open vocal folds, 6. air continues downward through the trachea and bronchial tubes, 7. air reaches final destination of lungs.
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5
Q

Structures involved in respiration:

A

lungs, bronchi, trachea, spinal column, sternum, and ribs.

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6
Q

Healthy lungs are:

A

pink, spongy, porous, soft, and elastic.

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7
Q

When the respiratory system is at rest, the lungs are partially inflated to approximately _% of their TLC.

A

40%

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8
Q

T/F: The right lung is shorter and broader than the left.

A

TRUE, because the left lung has the liver underneath it, which forces it upward slightly.

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9
Q

The ______ are tubes that extend from the lungs upward to the trachea.

A

bronchi

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10
Q

T/F:The bronchi are composed of cartilaginous rings bound together by fibroelastic tissue.

A

True, and divide until they communicate with alveolar ducts that open into tiny air sacs in the lungs.

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11
Q

The trachea is approximately ___ rings of cartilage.

A

20

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12
Q

T/F the rings of cartilage are complete in the back where the trachea comes into direct contact with the esophagus.

A

False, they are incomplete and the first ring is the largest and connects to the inferior portion of the cricoid cartilage.

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13
Q

The trachea extends from the _____ .

A

larynx, at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra.

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14
Q

The spinal column consists of __-___ individual vertebrae.

A

32-33

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15
Q

what are the five segments of the spinal column?

A
  1. 7 cervical vertebrae
  2. 12 thoracic vertebrae
  3. 5 lumbar vertebrae
  4. 5 sacral vertebrae
  5. 3-4cocygeal vertebrae.
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16
Q

The ______ is also called the breastbone.

A

sternum

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17
Q

Three parts of the sternum:

A

manubrium(uppermost, attaches to clavicle and first rib), body (long ad narrow-ribs 2-7 attach to the body of the sternum), and xiphoid process (small bottom portion)

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18
Q

Rib Cage consists of ___ ribs.

A

12 pairs of ribs that form a cylindrical structure.

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19
Q

Rib cage is composed of several structures:

A

sternum in the anterior surface, 12 thoracic vertebrae in the posterior surface, and 12 pairs of ribs that connect laterally from the vertebrae to their individual costal cartilages.

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20
Q

This muscle separates the abdomen from the thorax.

A

Diaphragm

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21
Q

There are ___ paired intercostal muscles that are critical for breathing.

A

11

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22
Q

The intercostal muscles pull the ribs ______ to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation.

A

downward

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23
Q

The __ paired external intercostal muscles _____ the ribs up and out to increase the diameter of the thoracic cavity for inhalation.

A

11; raise

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24
Q

4 muscles responsible for rib cage elevation:

A

serratus posterior superior, levator costarum brevis, levator costarum longis, and external intercostal muscles.

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25
Q

The _____ also called the voice box rests on top of the trachea and is in the _____ portion of the neck.

A

larynx; anterior

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26
Q

3 biological functions of the larynx in addition to producing sound:

A
  1. closure of the trachea to prevent food entering.
  2. production of cough reflex to expel foreign substances.
  3. closure of the VF to build subglottic pressure necessary for physical tasks.
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27
Q

The larynx is suspended from the U-shaped _______ bone, which floats under the mandible.

A

Hyoid.

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28
Q

the _____ is a leaf shaped piece of cartilage medial to the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone. This structure covers the larynx during a swallow.

A

Epiglottis

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29
Q

Key cartilages in the larynx:

A

thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid.

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30
Q

This cartilage of the larynx forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx and protects the larynx.

A

Thyroid.

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31
Q

The _____cartilage is the uppermost tracheal ring, and is linked with the thyroid cartilage and paired arytenoid cartilage.

A

cricoid-completely surrounds the trachea.

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32
Q

Larynx structures from superior to inferior:

A

Anterior View:hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, into tracheal ring.
Posterior View: hyoid, epiglottis, thyroid, arytenoid, cricoid into trachea.

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33
Q

The _____ cartilages are small, pyramid-shaped cartilages connected to the cricoid through the cricoarytenoid joint, which permits sliding and circular movments.

A

Arytenoid.

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34
Q

Small, cone-shaped ______ cartilage sits on top of the apex of the arytenoids.

A

corniculates.

35
Q

the tiny cone-shaped ________ cartilages are located under the mucous membrane that convers the aryepiglottic folds.

A

cuneiforms, which stiffen or tense the aryepiglottic folds.

36
Q

The intrinsic muscles of the larynx are (6)

A

thyrorytenoid, lateral cricarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoids, cricothyroid, and posterior cricoarytenoid.

37
Q

The ___________ are attached to the thyroid and arytenoid cartileges which are divided into two muscle masses: interal interarytenoids and external thyroarytenoids.

A

thyroarytenoids.

38
Q

The _________ muscles are primarily responsible for vibrating and producing sounds which include: (3)

A

vocalis muscle, vocal folds, and vocal cords.

39
Q

Adductor muscles include the (3)

A

cricoarytenoids, transverse arytenoids, and oblique arytenoids.

40
Q

The _____ is attached to the cricoid and thyroid cartilages and lengthens and tenses the vocal folds.

A

cricothyroid.

41
Q

Most intrinsic laryngeal muscles are innervated by the _________ branch of CN ___.

A

recurrent laryngeal branch, X

42
Q

The _____ is the only intrinsic laryngeal muscle not innervated by the recurrent laryngeal branch.

A

cricothryoid which is innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal branch.

43
Q

The primary function of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles:

A

to support the larynx and fix its position.

44
Q

The extrinsic laryngeal muscles have _____ attachment to a structure _____ the larynx and one attachment ______ of the larynx.

A

one; within, outside

45
Q

Suprahyoid muscles include (6)

A

digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, hyoglossus,and genioglossus.

46
Q

The depressors or infrahyoid muscles include (4)

A

thyrohoid, omohyoids, sternothyroids, and sternohyoids.

47
Q

Three layers of the VF from superficial to deep:

A

epithelium, lamina propria (which is made up of 3 more layers), and vocalis muscle (body) which provides stability and mass to the VF.

48
Q

Two other parts of the VF:

A
  1. aryepiglottic folds: rings of connective tissue and muscle that protects the airway.
  2. Ventricular/false vocal folds: vibrate at only very low fundamental frequencies and usually not during phonetic in a normal speaker. They also compress during coughing and heavy lifting.
49
Q

What is the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory:

A

that the VF vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and the elasticity of the VF. .

50
Q

What is the Bernoulli Effect?

A

is caused by increase speed of air passing between the VF. It is the “sucking” motion of the VF toward one another. It is a cycle of opening and closing the CF which is repeated 100 times per second during vocalization.

51
Q

What makes up the mucousal wave:

A

epithelium, superificial layer of the lamina propria, and reinke’s space and the transition

52
Q

The mucosal wave is critical for :

A

vibration of the VF. It travels across 2/3 of the superior surface to the lateral edge. The wave dissipates before reaching the inner surface. critical for VF vibration.

53
Q

The function of the cerebellum is to:

A

regulate motor movement.

54
Q

Resonation is the process by which:

A

the voice or laryngeal tone is modified when some frequency components are dampened and others are enhanced. They modify laryngeal tone are the pharynx, nasal cavity, and oral cavity.

55
Q

The pharynx is located _______ and _______ to the larynx.

A

superior and posteriorly

56
Q

What three English sounds are produced with nasal resonance:

A

m, n, ng.

57
Q

T/F the velum is elevated and retracted for all sound in English besides the nasals.

A

True

58
Q

When cavities are ________ ( oral and nasal cavities are separated) sounds are produced with oral resonance.

A

uncoupled.

59
Q

the ____ cavity is the primary resonating structure for all English sounds

A

oral. e.g source-filter theory concept.

60
Q

Source-filter theory:

A

The VT is a tube, these linked tubes provide variable resonating cavities that help produce speech. Also, the vibrating vocal folds (source) is modified by the resonance characteristics of the VT (the filter).

61
Q

The three sections of the pharynx:

A

Laryngopharynx, oropharynx, and nasopharynx.

62
Q

laryngopharynx space

A

begins superior to the larynx and ends at the base of the tongue, is connected to the oropharynx.

63
Q

oropharynx space:

A

extends up to the soft palate and is connected to the nasopharynx.

64
Q

nasopharynx space:

A

ends were the two nasal cavities begin.

65
Q

the __________ and the ________________ add resonance to sound produced by the larynx.

A

laryngopharynx and oropharynx.

66
Q

Most pharyngeal muscles are innervated by CN # ___,

A

X (vagus) and XI accessory.

67
Q

Another name for soft palate?

A

velum

68
Q

____________ occurs when the nasal port is closed.

A

velopharyngeal closure

69
Q

The hard palate is part of the _________ , or paired bones which are the lg in the face and form the enire upper jaw.

A

maxilae

70
Q

Front portion of the hard palate is called?

A

premaxilla

71
Q

Majority of the hard palate is the _______.

A

palatine process (2 pieces of bone the fuse together at midline).

72
Q

Posteriorly the maxillary bone joins with the _____ bone.

A

palatine bone.

73
Q

THe mandible is ___ bones in children, but __ in adults.

A

2;1

74
Q

mandible is attached to the temporal bone by the

A

temporomandibular joint

75
Q

two functions of the mandible:

A
  1. open/close mouth and 2. chewing.
76
Q

_______ teeth are temporary teeth.

A

deciduous

77
Q

Babies have __ deciduous teeth

A

20; 10/arch; 4 incisors, 2 canines, and 4 molars

78
Q

Adults have ___ teeth; __ per arch.

A

32; 16

79
Q

Adults have __ incisors, __ canines, ___ premolars and ___ molars.

A

4;2;4;6

80
Q

______ refers to the way two dental arches come together when a person bites down.

A

Occlusion

81
Q

Normal Occlusion:

A

upper and lower dental arches meet in a symmetrical manner AND if the individual teeth in the two arches are properly aligned.

82
Q

______ are deviations in the positioning of individual teeth and the shape and relationship of the upper and lower dental arches.

A

malocclusions

83
Q

4 anatomical parts of the tongue:

A

tip, blade, dorsum, and root.

84
Q

the ______ connects the mandible with the inferior portion of the tongue.

A

lingual frenulum.

Praxis Study Ch 1 (1 decks)

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