ANATOMY

Question 1

What is Corpus callosum

Answer 1

Huge fibre bundle which connects hemispheres

Question 2

Brainstem consists of

Answer 2

Midbrain
pons
medulla

Question 3

Brainstem delivers what kind of responses compared to cerebral cortex

Answer 3

Brainstem = basic responses

Cerebral cortex = much more complex

Question 4

Where does cerebellum receive input from

Answer 4

Motor cortex, Brain stem nuclei, & sensory receptors

Question 5

How do all sensorimotor, cognitive and motivation;/effective structures connect to the cerrebellum?

Answer 5

Via re-entrant loops

Question 6

Other parts of brain issue movement commands but what ensures they are accrued out properly

Answer 6

cerebellum

Question 7

How does the cerebellum allow for skill development

Answer 7

always working predicting the consequences and also correcting actions so actions can be improved if there is error

Question 8

What is the basal ganglia

Answer 8

The basal ganglia consists of a number of subcortical nuclei

Question 9

Main components of basal ganglia

Answer 9

Dorsal striatum - caudate nucleus and putamen

Ventral striatum - nucleus accumbent & olfactory tubercle

Globus Pallidus - Internal & external segment

Ventral Pallidum

Substantia Nigra

Subthalalmic Nucleus

Question 10

How is basal ganglia connected to brain inputs

Answer 10

reccurent loops

Question 11

What kind of competing systems are there in the brain and how does basal ganglia relate to these

Answer 11

emotions
cognitions
sensorimotor

Basal ganglia selected which one to do
its outputs are INHIBITORY and TONICALLY ACTIVE (Slow&Continous)

Question 12

Hippocampus part of what and needed for what

Answer 12

Part of limbic system
critical for episodc memory
essential for construction of mental images
Vital role in short term memory
Important for spatial memory and navigation

Question 13

Anterograde

Answer 13

Transport from neuronal cell bodies to axon terminals

Question 14

Retrograde

Answer 14

Transport from axonal terminals to neuronal cell bodies

Question 15

How and why can a lumbar puncture detect brain activity

Answer 15

Increase in neural activity == increase release of neurotransmitters& associated breakdown products == can be detected in CSF via lumbar puncture

Question 16

How do modern imaging techniques work

Answer 16

more neurallt actuve regions = more O2 = more blood, this is the basis of modern imaging techniques since they detect haemodynamic changes

Question 17

What is EEG (Electroenecephalogram)

Answer 17

Gives an indication of regional brain activity underlying electrodes - sensitive to activity in temporal regions but less sensitive to those on the spatial regions.
EEG Is good at detecting signs of epilepsy
(over excitation of neurones that can eventually resolution cell death)

Question 18

Basic components of neurone

Answer 18

Dendrite
Cell body / soma
Axon
Presynaptic terminal

Question 19

How does neurone work basic terms

Answer 19

Receive info via dendrites which transmit to the cell body (soma)
Transmit information via axons and action potentials are propagated from the axon hilock

Question 20

Hows do Neurones look under H&E

Answer 20

nucleic acids stain BLUE

Proteins stain RED

Question 21

What stains myelin

Answer 21

Luxor fast blue (LFB)

Question 22

what stains Nissl (RER)

Answer 22

Cresol Violet (CV)

Question 23

Neural Plasticity

Answer 23

the basis of learning and memory

Question 24

loss of dendritic spines is a marker of what disease

Answer 24

Alzheimers disease

Question 25

Neurones divided into 3 functional classes:

Answer 25

1 Afferent (sensory)
2 Efferent (Motor) 
3 Interneurons (Within the CNS)

Question 26

Groups of afferent & efferent neurone axons together with connective tissue and blood vessels form nerves of the

Answer 26

PNS

Question 27

Afferent neurons have a distinct shape

shortly after leaving the cell body, the axon divides

Answer 27

one branch (peripheral process) begins where the dendritic branches converge from the receptor endings

other branch (central process), enters the CNS to form junctions with other neurones

Question 28

What part of the afferent neurone entered the CNS and what remains outside

Answer 28

The cell body & axon (peripheral process) are outside the CNS only a part of the central process enters the brain/ spinal cord

Question 29

What part of the efferent neurone entered the CNS and what remains outside

Answer 29

Cell bodies and dendrites are within the CNS and axons extend out to the periphery

Question 30

Function of interneurons

Answer 30

connect neurons WITHIN the CNS - majority of neurones

Lie entirely within the CNS

Question 31

What do myelin sheets consist of

Answer 31

20 to 200 layers of plasma membrane wrapped around the axon by a nearby supporting

Question 32

`oligodendrocytes what are they n function

Answer 32

in the brain and spinal cord these are the myelin forming cells
each one may branch to form myelin on as many as 40 axons

Question 33

Schwann cell function

Answer 33

myelin forming in PNS. form individual sheaths surroudnin 1-1.5mm long segments at regular intervals along the axons

Question 34

node on ranvier

Answer 34

spaces between adjacent sections of myelin where the axons plasma membrane is exposed too extracellular fluid

Question 35

Why myelinated ?

Answer 35

Myelin increase speed of conduction along axons

Question 36

myelinated axons are thicker and mostly found where

Answer 36

in somatic nerves i.e. in fast sensory/motor systems e.g. muscle and spinal systems

Question 37

unmyelinated axon tend to be thinner and are found where

Answer 37

in post-ganglionic autonomic fibres, fine sensory fibres, olfactory neurones & interneurones
= basically where don’t need speed e.g. hypothalamus bc hormonal