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vet-y stuff > Anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Mitosis -

A

Each mitotic division results in the production of two identical daughter cells containing the diploid (or normal) number of chromosomes.

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2
Q

Water content in body, two types

A

Extracellular (ECF - surrounding the cell) and intracellular fluid (ICF - within the cells)

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3
Q

Body fluids move by;

A

By diffusion and osmosis - maintaining the equilibrium (Homeostasis)

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4
Q

The science of classification is known as;

A

taxonomy

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5
Q

Mammalian order;

A

Insectivores (shrew, moles)
Rodents
Lagomorphs (Rabbits, hares)
Carnivores
Ungulates (Cow, sheep, horse, deer)
Cetaceans (whales, dolphins)
Primates

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6
Q

Median plane;

A

Divides the body longitudinally into symmetrical right and left halves; can be described as ‘the line down the middle of the animal’ from nose to tail

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7
Q

Superficial;

A

Near to the surface of the body (External features)

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8
Q

Deep (anatomical def);

A

Closer to the centre of the body

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9
Q

Cranial/anterior;

A

towards the front of the animal (Towards the head, etc)
Sliced from under the lungs forward towards the front

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10
Q

Caudal/posterior;

A

Towards the rear end of the tail of the animal (away from the head)
Opposite to cranial/anterior

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11
Q

Medial;

A

Structures that lie towards or near the median plane (Closer to the middle of the animal)

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12
Q

Lateral;

A

Structures that lie towards the side of the animal (away from the median plane)

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13
Q

Dorsal;

A

Towards or near the back or vertebral column of the animal and the corresponding surfaces of the head, neck, and tail

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14
Q

Ventral;

A

Towards or near the belly or lowermost surface of the body and the corresponding surfaces of the head, neck, and tail

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15
Q

Rostral;

A

Towards the nose; used to describe the position of structures on the head (From diagram - from top of eyes to nose)

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16
Q

Proximal;

A

Structures or part of the structure that lie close to the main mass of the body (e.g. the top of the limb that attaches to the body); also used to describe parts that lie near the origin of a structure

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17
Q

Distal;

A

Structures or part of the structure that lie away from the main mass of the body or origin (e.g. the free end of the limb

18
Q

Palmar;

A

The rear surface of the fore paw that bears the foot-pads; the opposite surface (i.e., the front surface of the paw) is the dorsal surface

19
Q

Plantar;

A

The rear surface of the hind paw that bears the foot-pads; the opposite surface is the dorsal surface

20
Q

Basic plan of the body

A

Structural systems
Coordinating systems
Visceral systems

21
Q

Structural systems and functions;

A

Skeletal system - supporting frame upon which the body is built (bones and joints)

Muscular system - Mechanism by which the bones are moved to bring about locomotion (This relates to only skeletal muscle)

Integument - Covering of the body (skin, hair, etc.)

Cardiovascular system - transports the blood around the body

22
Q

Coordinating systems and functions;

A

Nervous system - carries information to and from central ‘control station’ (i.e, brain); controls and maintains internal and external environment of the body

Endocrine system - Controls the body’s functions via a communication system of chemical messengers or hormones

23
Q

Visceral systems and functions;

A

Digestive system - responsible for taking in food and breaking it down to its basic components - body can utilise them

Respiratory system - Taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide

Urinary system - eliminating waste and toxic substances from the body

Reproductive system - producing offspring

24
Q

Components of a cell -

A

Cell membrane
Nucleus
Organelles: Mitochondria, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, centrosome

25
Q

Cell membrane;

A

Carbohydrates are found on the surface - help with cell recognition
Mammalian cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer - meaning it is selectively permeable

26
Q

Rough ER

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum - numerous ribosomes attached to it. Function - transport synthesised (by ribosomes) proteins. Also exported outside cell (digestive enzymes and hormones)

27
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The fluid that’s fills the interior of cell, providing support. Nucleus and organelles are found in the cytoplasm. Solutes are inside too (glucose, proteins and ions)

28
Q

Nucleus

A

Information centre. Surrounded by nuclear membrane and contains chromosomes. Also contains several nucleoli, where ribosomes are manufactured.
Chromosomes are bearers of DNA - for protein synthesis

29
Q

Mitochondria

A

Responsible for cellular respiration and it is where energy is extracted from food and stored in form of ATP.
Smooth surface, and folded interior - higher surface area.
Energy is stored where the phosphate groups are joined, when this breaks energy is released - remaining molecule is now called adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

30
Q

Ribosome

A

Float free in cytoplasm and are the site for protein synthesis within the cell

31
Q

Smooth ER

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - function - synthesis and transport of lipids and steroids

32
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Stack of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm. Function- modification of some of the proteins produced by the cell. Plays a role of production of lysosome.

33
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane-bound sacs that contain lysozymes or digestive enzymes. Function- digest materials taken in by cell during the process of phagocytosis or endocytosis. Lysosomes also destroy worn-out organelles within cell.

34
Q

Lysosome storage disease

A

Occurs if there is a dysfunction of the enzyme in the lysosome resulting in the accumulation of waste substance. This is seen more commonly in cats and young animals.
Clinical signs - skeletal abnormalities, mental retardation and neurological and ocular disorders.

35
Q

Centro some and centrioles

A

Centrosome contains a pair of rod-like structure called centrioles. These lie at right angles to each other and are involved in cell division.

36
Q

Cilia and flagella

A

Extensions of plasma membrane seen on some cells. Cilia are found in large number - creating wave-like motion that moved fluid such as mucus and debris over the cell surface.
Flagella - single and longer, move the cell along by undulating movements. Only example is of a spermatozoon.

37
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Particle/bacteria outside cell. Cell membrane folds around the particle and closes around it to create a vesicle. Separates from cell surface, and fuses with lysosome (containing lysozymes) which digest vesicle contents.

38
Q

Cell division types

A

Somatic cells - include all cells of the body except those involved in reproduction. Somatic cells divide by mitosis and contain diploid number of chromosomes.
Germ cells - ova and spermatozoa. Germ cells divide by meiosis and contain the haploid number of chromosomes.

39
Q

Mitosis stages

A

Interphase - chromosomes become visible and prepare for division

Prophase - Each chromosome replicates, forming two chromatids joined at the centrosome

Metaphase - Chromosomes or chromatic become arranged along the equator of the cell

Anaphase - Chromatids separate and move along the spindle to opposite poles of the cell

Telophase - Cytoplasm begins to divide and nuclear membrane begins to reform

Daughter cells - Two identical daughter cells, each containing the diploid number of chromosomes, are produced

40
Q

Cancer cells

A

Mutation in cell division. The neoplastic (Cancerous) cells have uncontrolled mitosis which result in a proliferation of cells forming a mass or tumour.

41
Q

Somatic cells

A

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