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Neurology > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

D1 receptors act on direct or indirect basal ganglia pathway

A

direct

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2
Q

Motor info gets routed through what thalamic nucleus

A

VL

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2
Q

SAH complications

Seen on CT:

Not seen on CT:

A

Seen on CT: rebleed

Not seen on CT: vasospasm

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3
Q

Stroke: name the affected vessel

Preserved consciousness and blinking

Quadriplegia

Loss of voluntary facial, mouth, and tongue movement

A

Basilar – locked in syndrome

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3
Q

Pupillary reflex

Afferent:

Efferent:

A

Afferent: II

Efferent: III

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4
Q

astrocyte marker

A

GFAP

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4
Q

ADH made in what part of hypothalamus

A

supraoptic nucleus

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4
Q

Gag reflex

Afferent:

Efferent:

A

Afferent: IX

Efferent: X

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6
Q

C vs A-delta fibers

A

C: slow, unmyelinated

A-delta: fast, myelinated

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6
Q

Stroke: name the affected vessel

Contralateral paralysis of upper limb and face

A

MCA

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7
Q

Proprioceptive info from spinal cord to cerebellum

ipsilateral or contralateral

A

ipsilateral

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8
Q

Stroke: name the affected vessel

Contralateral hemiparesis/hemiplegia

A

Lenticulostriate artery (affects striatum and internal capsule)

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8
Q

Staggering gait

HCM

DM

A

Friedrich ataxia

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8
Q

Deposition of yellowish extracellular material in/beneath Bruch membrane and retinal pigment epithelium (drusen)

A

Dry macular degeneration (most common type)

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9
Q

Function of VPL of thalamus

A

Relay all sensation

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9
Q

High frequency waves heard at apex or base of cochlea

A

base (opposite what you might think)

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10
Q

Striatum consists of what

A

caudate and putamen

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11
Q

Function of indirect pathway in basal ganglia

A

inhibit movement

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12
Q

Stroke: name the affected vessel

contralateral hemianopia with macular sparing

A

PCA

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12
Q

Congenital anomoly in ischemic stroke with embolism coming from DVT

A

PFO

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13
Q

Stroke: name the affected vessel

Contralateral paralysis and loss of sensation of lower limb

A

ACA

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13
Q

Weber test in unilateral conductive hearing loss is louder on which side

A

abnormal side

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14
Q

miosis vs mydriasis

A

mydriasis makes pupil larger

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15
Q

Name the dementia

silver-staining spherical tau protein aggregates

A

FTD

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16
Q

Acute painless monocular vision loss with cherry red spot at fovea

A

central retinal artery occlusion

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17
Q

What’s Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A

bilateral amygdala damage causes disinhibited behavior

associated with HSV1

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17
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff

A

mamillary bodies

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18
Q

Direct pathway in basal ganglia skips what structure

A

globus pallidus externus

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18
Q

What does Charcot-Bouchard refer to

A

microaneurysm in basal ganglia and thalamus

associated with chronic HTN

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19
Q

Stroke: name the affected vessel

Dysphagia

Hoarseness

ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome

Vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus

Ataxia, dysmetria

Diminished pain and temp on ipsi face and contra body

A

PICA– WAllenberg lateral medullary syndrome

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20
Q

Stroke: name the affected vessel

Contralateral hemiparesis

Decreased contralteral proprioception

Ipsilateral hypoglossal dysfunction

A

anterior spinal artery

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21
Q

Describe signaling pathway in circadian rhythm

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus –> NE release –> pineal gland –> melatonin release

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21
Q

FTD spares what brain regions

A

parietal lobe and posterior 2/3 of superior temporal gyrus

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22
Q

Physical exam finding in central pontine myelinolysis

A

locked in syndrome

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23
Q

Lentiform consists of what structures

A

Putamen and globus pallidus

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24
Q

Meissner corpuscles function

A

Recepor type that mediates proprioception and light touch

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24
Q

List cerebellar nuclei lateral –> medial

A

Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigial

Don’t Eat Greasy Foods

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25
Q

CN pathways

internal auditory meatus

A

VII, VIII

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26
Q

Which is nearsighted: myopia or hyperopia?

In nearsightedness, does the lens focus in front of or behind the retina

A

myopia

in front

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27
Q

Most common cause of intraparenchymal hemorrhage

A

HTN

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28
Q

Cause of neuronal cell death in Huntington’s

A

NMDA-R binding and glutamate toxicity

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29
Q

Hemiballismus (sudden wild flailing of 1 arm +/- ipsi leg) means lesion where

A

contralateral subthelamic nucleus

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29
Q

Histology of ischemic events

12-48 hrs:

24-72 hrs:

3-5 days:

1-2 weeks:

>2 weeks:

A

Histology of ischemic events

12-48 hrs: Red neurons

24-72 hrs: necrosis and neutrophils

3-5 days: microglia

1-2 weeks: gliosis and vascular proliferation

>2 weeks: glial scar

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30
Q

astrocytes derived from what cell line

A

neuroectoderm

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32
Q

Vagal nucleus that handles visceral sensory info

A

solitary nucleus

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33
Q
A
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34
Q

Lateral cerebellar lesion

Will you fall toward ipsilateral or contralateral side

A

ipsilateral

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35
Q

Effect of D2 receptor stimulation in basal ganglia

A

inhibits the inhibitory pathway –> increases motion

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37
Q

Where are the neurotransmitters produced?

NE

DA

5HT

ACh

GABA

A

NE: Locus ceruleus of pons

DA: Ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra par compacta (midbrain)

5HT: Raphe nuclei

ACh: Basal nucleus of Meynert

GABA: Nucleus accumbens

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38
Q

VF defect: Pie in the sky vs on the floor: which lesion is more anterolateral

A

pie in the sky

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40
Q

Ruffini corpuscles function

A

Pressure

Slippage of object on skin surface

Joint angle change

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41
Q

Lack of blood brain barrier in this location repsonsible for post-chemo vomiting

A

area postrema

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42
Q

What part of brain senses change in osmolarity

A

OVLT – organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis

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43
Q

Neurotransmitter changes in Alzheimers

A

decreased ACh

44
Q

Cotton wool spots

A

Diabetic retinopathy

46
Q

Chorea vs athetosis

A

Chorea: sudden jerky movements

Athethosis: slow writhing movements

47
Q

cell type that makes CSF

A

ependymal cells of choroid plexus

48
Q

C3 exits above or below C3 vertebra

T1 exits above or below T1 vertebra

A

above

below

49
Q

Stroke: name the affected vessel

Vomiting vertigo nystagmus

Facial paralysis

decerased lacrimation and salivation

decreased taste from anterior 2/3

Decreased ipsi facial pain/temp, contra body pain/temp

A

AICA - lateral pontine syndrome

50
Q

Lacrimation reflex

Afferent:

Efferent:

A

Afferent: V1

Efferent: VII

51
Q

Name lesion location:

Hemispatial neglect syndrome

A

nondominant parietal-temporal cortex

51
Q

HA, diplopia

increased ICP with no cause on imaging

pailledema

increased opening pressure on LP

A

pseudotumor cerebri

52
Q

Poor comprehension with fluent speech and intact repitition

A

Transcortical sensory

53
Q

CN pathways

optic canal:

A

II

54
Q

How many neurons can Schwann cells myelinate?

Oligodendrocytes?

A

Schwann cells: 1

Oligodendrocytes: many

55
Q

Name disease and tx: Rapid loss of vision due to bleeding 2/2 choroidal neovascularization

A

Wet macular degeneration

Anti-VEGF (e.g. ranibizumab)

56
Q

EEG wave forms associated with the following sleep stages:

Awake, eyes open:

Awake, eyes closed:

N1:

N2:

N3:

REM:

A

At night, BATS Drink Blood

Awake, eyes open: Beta

Awake, eyes closed: Alpha

N1: Theta

N2: Sleep spindles and K complexes

N3: Delta

REM: Beta

57
Q

Cupping of optic disc suggests what

A

glaucoma

58
Q

Polio damages what spinal cord territory

A

anterior horns

60
Q

Which indicates LMN lesion in facial lesion: spares forehead or affects forehead?

A

spares forehead means UMN

(You think it’s worse if it affects all of the face, but actually it’s better)

61
Q

Location of Wernicke’s area

A

superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe

62
Q

Nerve roots for reflexes

Achilles:

Patellar:

Biceps:

Triceps:

Cremaster:

A

Achilles: S1, S2

Patellar: L3, L4

Biceps: C5, C6

Triceps: C7, C8

Cremaster: L1, L2

63
Q

Neurotransmitter changes in Parkinson

A

increased ACh

decreased DA

63
Q

Approximate percent of sleep spent in REM

A

25%

63
Q

What signals go through:

inferior cerebellar peduncle

middle cerebellar penduncle

superior cerebellar peduncle

A

ICP: input from spinal cord

MCP: input from cerebral cortex

SCP: output to cerebral cortex

63
Q

Function of direct pathway in basal ganglia

A

facilitate movement

64
Q

Name lesion location:

Eyes look toward the lesion

A

Frontal eye fields

65
Q

Location of lesion:

conduction aphasia, can’t repeat no ifs, ands, or buts

A

arcuate fasciculus

66
Q

CN pathways

Foramen ovale

A

V3

67
Q

Sensory receptor located on hairless skin

A

Meissner corpuscles

68
Q

Hearing gets routed through what thalamic nucleus

A

MGN

69
Q

Sensations mediated by superior and inferior colliculus

A

superior: visual
inferior: auditory

“Eyes above ears”

70
Q

Stroke: name the affected vessel

Hemineglect in nondominant hemisphere, aphasia in dominant

A

MCA

71
Q

CN nuclei locations

Midbrain:

Pons:

Medulla:

A

Midbrain: III, IV

Pons: V, VI, VII, VIII

Medulla: IX, X, XII

72
Q

CSF absorbed by what structures

A

arachnoid granulations

73
Q

Name lesion location:

Eyes look away from side of lesion

A

paramedian pontine reticular formation

74
Q

Facial sensation and taste goes through this thalamic nucleus

A

VPM

75
Q

Nerve that monitors carotid body/sinus receptors

A

CN IX

76
Q

Name lesion location:

Reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness (coma)

A

Reticular activating system in midbrain

77
Q

What area of hypothalamus mediates hunger

A

lateral area

78
Q

Signals from cerebellum go to/from ipsilateral or contralateral cerebral cortex

A

contralateral

79
Q

what structure is located at cochlear apex

A

helicotrema

81
Q

Vision gets routed through what thalamic nucleus

A

LGN

82
Q

Longer time constant means what

A

action potential propogates further

84
Q

Structure in brain most vulnerable to ischemia

A

hippocampus

86
Q

Merkel discs function

A

Pressure, proprioception

88
Q

Neurotransmitter changes in depression

A

lower NE

lower 5HT

89
Q

Ascends ipsi or contra to the stimulus:

pain/temp

touch/proprio

A

pain/temp: contra

touch/proprio: ipsi

90
Q

Neurotransmitter changes in Huntington

A

increased DA

decreased ACh

decreased GABA

91
Q

CN pathways

hypoglossal canal

A

XII

93
Q

Noise induced hearing loss damages what cells

A

stereociliated cells in organ of Corti

94
Q

Brain structure responsible for EOM in REM sleep

A

Paramedian pontine reticular formation

95
Q

What area of hypothalamus mediates

circadian rhythm

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

96
Q

Friedrich ataxia chromosomal abnormality

A

trinucleotide repeat (GAA on 9)

97
Q

oxytocin made in what part of hypothalamus

A

paraventricular nucleus

98
Q

papilledema is sign of what

A

increased ICP

99
Q

Name lesion location:

Agraphia acalculia, finger agnosia, left-right disorientation

A

Dominant parietal-temporal cortex

100
Q

Degenerative change in Parkinson’s besides loss of DA neurons in substantia nigra

A

Lewy bodies get intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions

101
Q

Location of Broca’s area

A

inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe

102
Q

CN pathways

Superior orbital fissure

A

III, IV, V1, VI

103
Q

Vision gets routed from optic nerve, through thalamus, and on to what destination?

A

calcarine sulcus

104
Q

CN X lesion

uvula deviates toward or away from side of lesion

A

away

105
Q

Corneal reflex

Afferent

Efferent

A

Afferent: V1

Efferent: VII

106
Q

Most common location for Berry aneurysm

A

junction of ACom and ACA

107
Q

Anterograde amnemia

A

hippocampus

108
Q

Foremen rotundum

A

V2

109
Q

Parkinson’s tremor: resting or intentional

A

resting

110
Q

Indirect pathway in basal ganglia goes through what structures that the direct does not

A

Globus Pallidus externus and subthalamic nucleus

112
Q

What area of hypothalamus mediates

satiety

A

ventromedial

113
Q

Innervates stapedius muscle

A

CN VII

114
Q

D2 receptors act on direct or indirect pathway in basal ganglia

A

indirect

115
Q

What drug has been shown to improve ALS outcomes?

Mechanism

A

Riluzole decreases presynaptic glutamate release

116
Q

cyst causing noncommunicating hydrocephalus commonly located here

A

foramen of monroe

118
Q

What area of hypothalamus mediates

cooling, parasympathetic

A

Anterior

119
Q

Jaw jerk reflex

Afferent:

Efferent:

A

Afferent: V3

Efferent: V3

120
Q

CN pathways

Jugular foramen

A

IX, X, XI

121
Q

Name the lesion:

Eye moves upward, especially with contralateral gaze

A

Trochlear nerve

122
Q

Pacinian corpuscles function

A

vibration, pressure sensation

123
Q

Stroke: name the affected vessel

CN III palsy – eye is down and out with ptosis and mydriasis

A

PCom

125
Q

Nonfluent aphasia with good comprehension and intact repitition

A

transcortical motor

126
Q

Inherited retinal degeneration

Fundoscopy: bone spicule shaped deposits

A

retinitis pigmentosum

127
Q

Effect of protein alteration on Alzheimers risk

ApoE2

ApoE4

A

ApoE2: less

ApoE4: more

(2 is less than 4)

128
Q

What area of hypothalamus mediates

heating, sympathetic

A

posterior

Neurology (4 decks)

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