Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Otic

Answer 1

Refers to the ear

Question 2

Pollex

Answer 2

Refers to the thumb

Question 3

Crural

Answer 3

Refers to the leg

Question 4

Acromial

Answer 4

Refers to the shoulder

Question 5

Sural

Answer 5

Refers to the calf

Question 6

Mediastinum

Answer 6

Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs

Contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels

Question 7

Which quadrant of the abdomen would stomach pain be felt?

Answer 7

Upper left - this is the quadrant that the stomach is in`

Question 8

Retroperitoneal organs

Answer 8

Adrenal glands, kidneys, urinary bladder, pancreas

Question 9

Makeup of the lipid bilayer

Answer 9

Phospholipids (75%)
Cholesterol (about 20%)
Glycolipids (about 5%)

Question 10

Function of cholesterol in the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 10

Provides rigidity for the plasma membrane

Question 11

Primary active transport

Answer 11

Energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP changes the shape of a carrier protein, which “pumps” a substance across a plasma membrane against its concentration gradient

Question 12

Ribosome

Answer 12

Sites of protein synthesis. Some are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum but they can also be “free”.

Question 13

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 13

Network of interconnected membranes forming sacs and canals; packages protein molecules

Question 14

Functions of rough ER

Answer 14

synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids that are transferred into cellular organelles, inserted into the plasma membrane, or secreted during exocytosis

Question 15

Functions of smooth ER

Answer 15

synthesizes fatty acids and steroids, such as estrogens and testosterone; inactivates or detoxifies drugs and other potentially harmful substances; removes the phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate; and stores and releases calcium ions that trigger contraction in muscle cells

Question 16

Lipids are synthesized in which organelle?

Answer 16

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 17

Golgi complex - functions

Answer 17

1. Modifies, sorts, packages, and transports proteins received from the rough ER. 2. Forms secretory vesicles that discharge processed proteins via exocytosis into extracellular fluid; forms membrane vesicles that ferry new molecules to the plasma membrane; forms transport vesicles that carry molecules to other organelles, such as lysosomes.

Question 18

Mitochondria

Answer 18

Site of aerobic cellular respiration reactions that produce most of a cell’s ATP

Question 19

Nucleoli

Answer 19

Sites of synthesis of rRNA and assembly of rRNA and proteins into ribosomal subunits Prominent in muscle and liver cells

Question 20

Haploid vs diploid cells

Answer 20

Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes, eg a gamete

Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes, eg somatic cells

Question 21

Types of cell junctions

Answer 21

Tight junctions
Adherens junctions
Desmosomes
Hemidesmosomes
Gap junctions

Question 22

Tight junctions

Answer 22

Strands of transmembrane proteins fuse together the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between adjacent cells Linings of stomach, intestines, urinary bladder Prevents contents of organs from leaking into blood or surrounding tissues

Question 23

Adherens junctions

Answer 23

Contain plaque on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches to cadherins and to microfilaments Cadherins (membrane proteins) insert into the plaque, partially cross the intercellular space, and connects to cadherins of the adjacent cell Often form extensive zones called adhesion belts Help epithelial surfaces resist separation during contractile activities (eg. lining of the intestines)

Question 24

Desmosomes

Answer 24

Similar to adherens junctions (contain plaque and cadherins) but plaque doesn’t attach to microfilaments. Plaque attaches to intermediate filaments that extend through the cell and attach to desmosomes on either side of the cell Contributes to stability of cells and tissue eg. epidermis and cardiac muscle cells

Question 25

Hemidesmosomes

Answer 25

Resemble desmosomes but do not link adjacent cells Transmembrane glycoproteins are called integrins, not cadherins Outside the plasma membrane, integrins attach to the protein laminin, present in the basement membrane Anchor cells to the basement membrane

Question 26

Gap junctions

Answer 26

Membrane proteins form fluid-filled tunnels (connexons) that connect neighboring cells Plasma membranes are not fused together but are separated by a very narrow gap Through connexons, ions and small molecules can diffuse from cystosol of one cell to another, but passage of large molecules is prevented Allows cells in a tissue to communicate with each other eg. nerve cells

Question 27

Types of cell junctions that are found in epithelial tissues

Answer 27

Tight junctions and desmosomes

Question 28

1st degree burn

Answer 28

Superficial cells of epidermis are destroyed Skin is enflamed and tender

Question 29

2nd degree burn

Answer 29

Superficial and deeper cells of epidermis are destroyed Dermis may be affected Blisters on skin, pain

Question 30

3rd degree burn

Answer 30

All epidermal and dermal cells are destroyed Skin is charred with no sensation (nerve endings destroyed) Immediate threat is loss of body fluids