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Urinary > Anatomy and Physiology of the Urinary System > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology of the Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the kidney? (6)

A
  • elimination of waste substaces from plasma
  • salvage of essential compounds from filtrate
  • regulation of ion levels
  • regulation of plasma volume and hence blood pressure
  • maintenance of osmolarity
  • production of hormones
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2
Q

What are the functional properties of the kidney? (3)

A
  • are heavily vascularised
  • receive 25% of the cardiac output
  • they convert approximately 20% of this plasma to filtrate when retaining cells and plasma proteins in the circulation
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3
Q 
1 = renal artery --> 
2 = renal vein --> 
3 = ureter -->
A 
1 = renal artery --> supplies kidney
2 = renal vein --> drains kidney
3 = ureter --> connects kidney to bladder
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4
Q

State key differences in general topographical anatomy (external morphology) of the kidneys b/n horses, cats, pigs, & cows

A

horse:
- does not have classical bean shape
- left & right are asymmetrical

cat:

  • prominent veins
  • bean shaped on capsule

pig:
- elongated kidney

cow:

  • lobed appearance
  • asymmetry b/n left & right
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5
Q

State where the kidneys are located in the body

A

abdominal cavity

- RK more cranial to LK

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6
Q

State the location of adrenal glands

A

cranial & medial to kidney

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7
Q

State the two divisions of the urinary tract & what they consist of

A
  • upper urinary tract –> kidneys & ureter

- lower urinary tract –> bladder & urethra

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8
Q

The kidneys are ______ vascularized organs

A

highly

- receives 25-30% of cardiac output

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9
Q

What is the main part of the kidney formed by

A

formed by a cortical region, medulla region and a pelvis

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10
Q

State the function of a fibrous capsule

A

surrounds the entire organ

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11
Q

State the properties of a renal capsule

A

fibrous and inelastic

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12
Q

How is the medulla subdivided

A

subdivided into renal pyramids that have a base and then a narrow apex.

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13
Q

What is papilla

A
  • Surrounds the apex of the medullary pyramid

- It is where urine is collected

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14
Q

State the functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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15
Q

Describe this functional unit, including its diff. regions (8)

A
  • consists of a single tube
  • capsule at one end (Bowman’s capsule)
  • proximal (convoluted) tubule
  • descending limb of loop of henlé
  • loop of henlé
  • ascending limb of loop of henlé
  • distal (convoluted) tubule
  • collecting duct
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16
Q

State where each of these regions are located in the kidney (7)

A
  • Bowman’s capsule –> cortex
  • proximal convoluted tubule –> cortex
  • descending limb of loop of henlé –> cortex, outer medulla, & inner medulla
  • loop of henlé –> inner medulla
  • ascending limb of loop of henlé –> inner medulla, outer medulla, & cortex
  • distal (convoluted) tubule –> cortex
  • collecting duct –> cortex, outer medulla, inner medulla, & renal pelvis
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17
Q

State the name of the epithelial cells which line the Bowman’s capsule

A

podocyte

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18
Q

State the function of the cells lining the Bowman’s capsule

A

restricts passage of:

  • medium-sized proteins
  • phagocytose macromolecules
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19
Q

Describe the endothelium of capillaries (which make up the glomerulus)

A

fenestrated (fairly permeable epithelium)

- restricts passage of blood cells

20
Q

State the first component of the nephron

A

renal corpuscle

21
Q

State what this component consists of

A

glomerulus surrounded by Bowman’s capsule

22
Q

Locate where podocytes reside in this structure

A

adjacent to epithelium of capillaries (which make up the glomerulus)

23
Q

State the name & function of the arterioles involved in the glomerulus (2)

A
  • afferent arteriole –> supplies the glomerular capillaries

- efferent arteriole –> carries blood away from glomerulus

24
Q

State the location of the proximal & distal convoluted tubule in relation to the renal corpuscle

A

adjacent to the renal corpuscle

25
Q

State the first step of urine production that occurs in the renal corpuscle

A

production of glomerular filtrate:

- some components of blood are filtered from the glomerulus into the space of the Bowman’s capsule

26
Q

Define ‘glomerular filtration rate (GFR)’

A

the volume of fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman’s capsule per unit time

27
Q

State why GFR is important

A

bc it can be used as a measure of glomerular function

- both under normal physiological condit. & disease cases

28
Q

Describe the 3 layers involved in the glomerulus & Bowman’s capsule

A
  1. endothelial cells
    - single layer
    - lines glomerular capillaries
    - fenestrated
  2. glomerular basement membrane
    - b/n endothelium & podocytes
    - non-cellular
    - negatively charged
    - main filtration barrier
  3. podocytes
    - lines Bowman’s capsule
29
Q

Explain the filtered fluid in the Bowman’s space (2)

A
  • essentially no protein

- contains solube ions & smaller molecules (approx. same conc. as in plasma b/f filtration)

30
Q

State the forces exerted on the filtration barrier (glomerulus & Bowman’s capsule) (2)

A
  • hydrostatic pressure

- oncotic pressure

31
Q

Describe the forces (2)

A 
hydrostatic pressure (capsular pressure):
- pressure exerted by a fluid

oncotic pressure:
- a form of osmotic pressure induced by soluble proteins

32
Q

Define ‘net filtration pressure’

A

the net total of the hydrostatic & oncotic pressures

- solvents & solutes pushed out of the circulation, into the filtrate

33
Q

Outline the steps involved in filtration in the kidney (5)

A

1) Filtration via glomerulus
2) Obligatory absorption & secretion via proximal tubule
3) Generation of osmotic gradient via loop of Henlé
4) Regulated absorption & secretion via distal tubule
5) Regulation of water uptake via collecting ducts

34
Q

State what substances are reabsorbed in the capillaries via proximal convoluted tubule (under normal circumstances) (6)

A
  • all glucose
  • all amino acids
  • most Na+
  • Cl-
  • HCO3-
  • water due to osmosis
35
Q

State the 2 ways by which reabsorption & secretion can occur

A

via:

  • paracellular process
  • transcellular process
36
Q

Differentiate these 2 processes by which reabsorption & secretion can occur

A

paracellular:

  • molecules move b/n cells
  • caused by conc./electrical gradients

transcellular:

  • molecules move across cells from one space into another
  • caused by secondary active transport of solutes via tubular cells
37
Q

State when secretion from circulation into the filtrate occurs

A

post-corpuscle event:

- after the initial filtration at Bowman’s capsule

38
Q

State the 4 primary membrane transport mechanisms

A
  • diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion
  • primary active transport
  • secondary active transport
39
Q

Describe ‘diffusion’ (4)

A
  • net movement from high to low conc.
  • does not saturate (no competition) = diffusion of diff. substances do not interfere w/ each other
  • substances can cross cell membranes if they can dissolve in the membrane (i.e are hydrophobic)
  • can occur through tight junctions
40
Q

State the net flux (amount of movement) of diffusion

A

proportional to the conc. difference & the permeability of any barrier (e.g membrane)

41
Q

Describe ‘facilitated diffusion’ (5)

A
  • proteins are involved
  • translocates substances that cannot diffuse directly through a membrane
  • occurs only across cell membranes
  • passive
  • saturates due to limited available carrier proteins
  • related substances can compete for same carrier
42
Q

Name when facilitated diffusion has reached full saturation (max. rate of transport)

A

transport maximum (Tm)

43
Q

Describe ‘primary active transport’ (4)

A
  • membrane proteins act as pumps
  • against conc. gradient
  • requires ATP
  • saturates due to limited availability of protein pump
44
Q

Describe ‘secondary active transport’ (3)

A
  • uses proteins similar to those for facilitated diffusion
  • couples movement of diff. molecules in each cycle
  • can saturate due to limited availability of membrane protein
45
Q

Describe ‘co-transport’ (2)

A
  • moves 2 or more molecules across membrane

- in same direction

46
Q

Describe ‘counter transport’ (2)

A
  • moves molecules across membrane

- in opposite direction

Urinary (1 decks)

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