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From Flashcardlet > Anatomy Block 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy Block 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Which are false ribs?

A

8-12

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1
Q

Which are the true ribs?

A

1-7

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2
Q

Which are floating ribs?

A

11 and 12

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3
Q

Where does the costal cartilage of the 2nd rib attach to the sternum?

A

At the sternal angle

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4
Q

What is a false rib?

A

A rib that does not have its own costal cartilage that attaches to the sternum.

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5
Q

How many intercostal spaces are there?

A

9

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6
Q

What intercostal space is between the 3rd and 4th rib?

A

3rd intercostal space

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7
Q

What structures attach to the manubrium of the sternum?

A

First ribs, clavicles

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8
Q

Ribs attach ______ on the front (to the sternum) than to the back (to the spine).

A

lower

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9
Q

In what intercostal space is the nipple found?

A

4th intercostal space

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10
Q

What dermatome is the nipple in? The umbilicus?

A

T4, T10

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11
Q

What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?

A

Sternocleidomastoid, 3 scalenes (anterior, middle, posterior)

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12
Q

What does the sternocleidomastoid muscle do?

A

Elevates sternum

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13
Q

What do the scalene muscles do?

A

Elevate and fix the upper ribs

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14
Q

What are the principal muscles of inspiration?

A

External intercostals and diaphragm

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15
Q

What are the active muscles of expiration?

A

Internal intercostals, rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis

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16
Q

In what intercostal space is the horizontal fissure of the right lung located?

A

3rd intercostal space

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17
Q

In what intercostal space is the oblique fissures of the right and left lungs located?

A

5th intercostal space

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18
Q

Where are the best places to hear right middle lobe breath sounds?

A

Front and side

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19
Q

Each lung has one _____ and two _____

A

artery, veins

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20
Q

What is the order of structures, from anterior to posterior, in the hilum? What structure is most inferior?

A

VAB:
Vein
Artery
Bronchus

Most inferior: inferior pulmonary vein

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21
Q

Pleural fluid accumulation would show what on an x-ray?

A

Blunting of the costodiaphragmatic recess

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22
Q

The costomediastinal recess is insignificant on which side?

A

Right

23
Q

What is the costal pleura innervated by?

A

1st-12th intercostal nerves

24
Q

What is the peripheral diaphragmatic pleura innervated by? What are these shared by?

A

Lower intercostal nerves, lateral thoracic and anterior abdominal walls.

25
Q

What are the central diaphragmatic pleura and the mediastinal pleura innervated by? What are these shared with?

A

Phrenic nerves, neck and shoulder

26
Q

Pain accentuated by respiratory movement and rasping sounds (friction rub) upon auscultation is likely to be from what?

A

Inflammation of parietal pleura (pleurisy)

27
Q

What is a mediastinal flutter and what is it caused by?

A

Slight shift of the mediastinal mass to right and left sides of chest cavity during inspiration and expiration. Often caused by an open pneumothorax.

28
Q

What is a mediastinal shift and what is it usually indicative of?

A

When the mediastinal mass becomes permanently shifted away from injured lung and toward uninjured lung, reducing vital capacity of the lung. This is usually indicative of tension pneumothorax.

29
Q

Right lung vs. left lung: Which is longer and why?

A

Left, because liver is on the right side.

30
Q

Right lung vs. left lung: Which is wider and why?

A

Right, because the heart is offset to the left.

31
Q

Right lung vs. left lung: Which has a larger capacity?

A

Right lung

32
Q

What could a tumor on an upper lobe of a lung (Pancoat’s tumor) compress?

A

Subclavian or brachipcephalic vein–>edema on that side of face and arm
Subclavian artery–>diminished pulse in that extremity
Phrenic nerve–>paralysis of hemidiaphragm
Recurrent laryngeal nerve–>vocal hoarseness
Sympathetic chain–>Horner’s syndrome

33
Q

Trachea bifurcates into the main stem (primary) bronchi at the ______ behind the _______ a level ____.

A

carina, sternal angle, T5

34
Q

The right main stem bronchus is _______, _______, and more _______ than the left main stem bronchus. The _______ main stem bronchus is the most likely resting place for large aspirated objects.

A

wider, shorter, vertical, right

35
Q

Why is the left main stem bronchus narrower and more horizontal than the right?

A

It is narrower because of the smaller left lung volume and it is more horizontal because the heart is toward the left

36
Q

Where does the pulmonary trunk arise from?

A

Right ventricle

37
Q

What do the pulmonary arteries carry and from where to where?

A

Deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs

38
Q

What does the pulmonary trunk bifurcate into?

A

Right and left pulmonary arteries

39
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus connect?

A

Left pulmonary artery and arch of descending aorta

40
Q

Left pulmonary passes _______ to arch of descending aorta

A

anteriorly

41
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosus a remnant of?

A

Ductus arteriosus

42
Q

What courses around the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

recurrent laryngeal branch of left vagus nerve

43
Q

What do the bronchial arteries do, where do they arise from and at what level?

A

The bronchial arteries supply oxygenated blood to nonrespiratory portions of lung, they arise from the descending aorta at the level of tracheal bifurcation, T4-T5.

44
Q

What is the purpose of the pulmonary veins?

A

They carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

45
Q

Alveolar regions drain into what lymph nodes?

A

Pulmonary lymph nodes which drain into hilar/bronchopulmonary nodes

46
Q

What gives off the GVE and GVA innervation to the lungs?

A

Branches of the thoracic sympathetic chain and the vagus nerve (CN X)

47
Q

Where are the anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses located?

A

On the anterior and posterior surfaces of the primary/main stem bronchi

48
Q

Sympathetic GVE nerves ______ pulmonary vascular beds and _____ bronchioles.

A

vasocontstrict, dilate

49
Q

Does the vagus nerve carry sympathetic or parasympathetic fibers? And what is the effect of the GVE signals? GVA?

A

parasympathetic, GVE: constricts bronchioles, GVA: inhibits respiratory system in brain stem in response to stretch

50
Q

What nerves innervate the aortic and carotid bodies and sinuses? What is the purpose of these?

A

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and vagus (CN X) nerves, monitor changes in partial pressures of oxygen and hemodynamic pressure

51
Q

What does it mean to be the “conducting” portion of the lung, and what regions make up this portion?

A

Air in the conductive portions do not exchange gases with the blood. These regions are the trachea and bronchi as far as the terminal bronchiole.

52
Q

What are included in the respiratory portions of the lung?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

53
Q

What three diseases cause increase in the effective thickness of diffusion pathway in the lungs?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary edema, and hyaline membrane disease.

54
Q

What does the superior vena cava branch off into?

A

Right and left brachiocephalic veins

55
Q

Which part of the heart is on the posterior?

A

Left atrium

56
Q

Which ventricle has thicker walls and why?

A

Left, because it needs to generate a lot more pressure than the right ventricle to expel blood out from the heart.

From Flashcardlet (20 decks)

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