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Anatomy Exam 2 > Anatomy exam 3 > Flashcards

Anatomy exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The central Nervous system (2 things)

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

-Neurons and Glial Cells exiting the brain and are called “cranial Nerves”

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3
Q

How many cranial Nerves are there and what types of neurons are there?

A
  • There are 12 pairs of nerves that connect the brain

- Most have afferent and efferent neurons, but some dont have efferent neurons

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4
Q

How many spinal nerves are there and what types of neurons

A
  • There are 31 pairs of nerves that connect with the spinal cord
  • all have afferent and efferent neurons
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5
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

-branch upon exiting the spinal cord and form a ventral (anterior) root and a dorsal (posterior) root

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6
Q

Where are afferent neurons in the spinal nerves?

A

In the dorsal root and bring info to the CNS from the outside
-cell bodies are unipolar

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7
Q

Where are efferent neurons found in the spinal nerves?

A

In the ventral root and take info the periphery

-cell bodies are multipolar

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8
Q

What are the two functional branches of the peripheral nervous system?

A
  1. Somatic

2. Autonomic

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9
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A
  • transmits conscious perceptions of environment
  • All afferents are sensing, vision, taste, hearing, pain, and temperature
  • Efferents connect CNS to skeletal muscle
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10
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • transmits info from internal organs via afferent sensory neurons
  • not consciously perceived material
  • efferent neurons connect the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and gland
  • Efferents are two neuron chain with one synapse
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11
Q

What is Gray matter in the CNS?

A
  • cell bodies, dendrite, and axons of unmyelinated neurons
  • considered the PROCESSING center of CNS
  • Forms an H shape in the spinal cord and is surrounded by white matter
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12
Q

What is the white matter in the CNS?

A
  • mostly myelinated axons from cell bodies located in the gray matter.
  • considered the CONDUCTING area of CNS
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13
Q

What are the two layers of support for the CNS?

A
  1. Outer bony layer

2. Membrane layer (meninges)

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14
Q

Outer Bony Layer

A
  • support structure in CNS

- skull or cranium, vertebral column, and intervertebral discs

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15
Q

Membrane Layer- Meninges

A
  • supporting structure of CNS

- Contains Dura Mater, Arachnoid, and Pia mater

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16
Q

What are the two major functions of the skull?

A

1, Protect and support the brain

2. Isolate cerebral blood vessels from extra cranial variations in pressure

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17
Q

Vertebrae Column

A
  • the bony structure that surrounds and protects the entire length of the spinal cord
  • CONSISTS of 26 bony structures called vertebrae
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18
Q

Intervertebral Discs

A
  • Made up of connective tissue, separate the vertebrae
  • tissue surrounds semifluid material
  • Act as “shock absorbers” keep vertebrae from rubbing against one another (wear and tare)
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19
Q

What are the three layers of Meninges?

A
  1. Dura Mater
  2. Anachnoid
  3. Pia Mater
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20
Q

Dura Mater

A
  • Next to bone, thickest layer
  • Made up of two sublayers
  • Part of the meninges
21
Q

Anachnoid

A
  • Middle Layer
  • thinner, web-like layer
  • Part of meninges
22
Q

Pia Mater

A
  • Next to nervous tissue
  • Thinnest layer
  • Part of meninges
23
Q

What are the three structures created by Dura Mater?

A
  1. Falx Cerebri-seperates cerebral hemispheres
  2. Falx Cerebelli- forms midline partition in the cerebellum along vermis.
  3. Tentorium Cerebelli- a “tent” over the cerebellum
24
Q

Subarachnoid Spaces

A
  • usually small

- get larger because of Cisterns- large pools of cerebral spinal fluid

25
Q

What are the three major divisions of the brain?

A
  1. Prosencephalon (forebrain)
  2. Mesencephalon (midbrain)
  3. Rhomabencephalon (hindbrain)
26
Q

Brain Stem/ Stalk (made of 3 things)

A
  1. Cerebral preuncles, superior and inferior colliculi (midbrain)
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla Oblongata
    - rests between and connects spinal cord and higher brain centers
27
Q

Medulla

A
  • Section below the pons and continuous with the spinal cord
  • Functions as RELAY between the spinal cord and upper brain stem(midbrain)
  • Point of exit of cranial nerves VIII-XII
28
Q

Pons (relay Center)

A
  • between midbrain and medulla
  • wider and thicker than medulla
  • Consists of mostly white matter and a few nuclei
  • serves as a RELAY CENTER from medulla to higher brain centers
  • Point of exit from cranial nerves V-VIII
29
Q

Mid-brain

A
  • smaller portion of brain stem
  • on top of pons
  • Point of exit of cranial nerves III and IV
  • Contains 2 superior colliculi-visual reflex centers
  • Contains 2 inferior colliculi-auditory reflex centers
  • Contains 2 cerebral peduncles- motor activities
30
Q

I-cranial Nerve

A

Olfactory/Smell

31
Q

II- Cranial Nerve

A

Optic-sight

32
Q

III-cranial nerve

A

Oculomotor- eye movement

33
Q

IV- Cranial Nerve

A

Troclear- eye movement

34
Q

V- Cranial Nerve

A

Trigeminal- Face and chewing

35
Q

VI- Cranial Nerve

A

Abducens- eye movement

36
Q

VII- cranial Nerve

A

Facial-face

37
Q

VIII- cranial Nerve

A

Vestbulocochlear- hearing and balance

38
Q

IX- cranial nerve

A

glossopharyngeal- tongue and pharynx

39
Q

X- cranial Nerve

A

Vagus- thorax and abdomen

40
Q

XI- Cranial Nerve

A

Accessory to vagal

41
Q

XII- Cranial Nerve

A

Hypoglossal- tongue movements

42
Q

Reticular Formation

A
  • Core/center of brain stem

- neurons receive and integrate info from the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and other nerves from the brain

43
Q

Functions of reticular formation (RF)

A

-Essential for initiating walking cycle, alertness, consciousness, and initiating sleep cycle

44
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • part of metechephalon of hind brain
  • Has folds called folia
  • Arbor Vitae-tree like structure
45
Q

Functions of Cerebellum (6 things)

A
  1. Planning of movement
  2. Posture control
  3. Equilibrium movement
  4. Limb movement control
  5. Helps integrate voluntary muscle movement
  6. Maintains smooth movement of balance with directed movements
46
Q

What are the 3 major damages of the Cerebellum?

A
  1. Ataxis of Gait
  2. Intention Temors
  3. Dysmetria
47
Q

Ataxia of Gait

A
  • damage of cerebellum

- jerky uncoordinated movements as seen in drunks

48
Q

Intention Tremors

A
  • tremors which increase with movement

- Feeding oneself

49
Q

Dysmetria

A

-Inability of judgement where body is in relationship to other things in space

Anatomy Exam 2 (2 decks)

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