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micro w/ favoreto > Anatomy Nervous and Muscle > Flashcards

Anatomy Nervous and Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Agonist(prime mover)

A

Muscle that contracts to produce a particular movement

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2
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscle who’s actions oppose those of the agonist, if the Agonist produces extension, the antagonist produces flexion

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3
Q

Synergist

A

a muscle that assists the agonist in performing its action

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4
Q

Levers (p. 309)

A 
First class lever-has a fulcrum in the middle, Between effort and the resistance, example scissors
Second class lever-between the fulcrum and the applied effort, example lifting the handles of a wheelbarrow
Third class lever-an effort is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum, as when picking up a small object with a pair of forceps
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5
Q

tendon

A

Attaches the muscle to bone, Skin, or another muscle, tendons usually have thick, cord like structure

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6
Q

aponeurosis

A

A tendon that forms a thin, flat and sheet

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7
Q

origin(muscle)

A

The less mobile attachment of a muscle, for example the superior biceps

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8
Q

insertion(muscle)

A

The more mobile attachment of the muscle, for example the inferior biceps

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9
Q

What are the various functions of the muscular system?

A
  • Body movement
  • Maintenance of posture
  • Temperature regulation
  • Storage and movement of materials
  • Support
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10
Q

Diagram and describe the arrangement of muscle with its connective tissue coverings.

A

The three connective tissue layers are the epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, p. 290

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11
Q

Epimysium

A

Is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole skeletal muscle.

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12
Q

Perimysium

A

Surrounds the fascicles

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13
Q

endomysium

A

Is the innermost connective tissue layer, surrounds each muscle fiber

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14
Q

Muscle fiber

A

Single muscle cell, metabolic activities, contraction

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15
Q

Diagram and describe how the nerve impulses to the point of the beginning of contraction in skeletal muscle tissue

A

Each motor neuron has a long extension called an axon or nerve fiber. an axon of a motor neuron transmits a nerve impulse to a muscle fiber. The Axon travels through the epimysium and perimysium and enters the endomysium where it delivers a nerve impulse to an individual muscle fiber. (p.292)

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16
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate, Energy

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17
Q

sarcolemma

A

The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber

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18
Q

Satellite cells

A

Embryonic like cells in adult skeletal muscle tissue, if skeletal muscle is injured some satellite cells maybe stimulated to assist and repair, left over myoblasts which did not fuse with muscle fibers.

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19
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Internal membrane complex, is similar to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of other cells, stores calcium ions needed to initiate muscle contraction.

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20
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

The junction between the axon in the muscle fiber, the point where a motor neuron meet a skeletal muscle fiber

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21
Q

Thick filaments

A

Fine protein myofilaments composed of bundles of myosin, bind to thin filament and cause contraction

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22
Q

Thin filaments

A

Fine protein myofilaments composed of actin, troponin, and tropomyosin, thick filaments bind to it and cause contraction

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23
Q

Actin

A

Double-stranded contractile protein, binding site for myosin to shorten a sarcomere

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24
Q

Myosin

A

Protein, consists of two intertwined strands

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25
Q

sarcomere

A

The functional contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber, defined as the distance from one Z disk to the next to adjacent Z disc

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26
Q

Terminal cisternae

A

Site of calcium ion release to promote muscle contraction, expanded ends of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that are in contact with the transverse tubules

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27
Q

Transverse tubule

A

Quickly transports a muscle impulse from the sarcolemma through the entire muscle fiber, tubular extensions of the sarcolemma into the sarcoplasm contact the terminal cistern wrapped around myofibrils

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28
Q

Myofibrils

A

Contain myofilaments that are responsible for muscle contraction, organized bundles of myofilaments

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29
Q

Triad

A

Structure formed by the two terminal cisternae and the centrally placed T tubule

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30
Q

tropomyosin

A

Covers the active sites on Actin, preventing myosin from binding to actin when muscle fibers is at rest, double-stranded regulatory protein

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31
Q

Troponin

A

Three functions

  • attaches to actin to anchor itself in place
  • attaches to tropomyosin to hold it in place over the surface of the actin
  • provides a binding site for calcium ions
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32
Q

Myofilaments

A

Bundles of short filaments which create myofibrils

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33
Q

Cross bridge

A

Formed by myosin heads during a contraction by binding thick filaments to actin in the thin filaments

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34
Q

A band(dark band)

A

Dark band, Contains the entire thick filament

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35
Q

I band (light band)

A

Light band, contains thin filaments but no thick filaments

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36
Q

H zone

A

Light, central region in the A band, is lighter shaded because only thick filaments are present

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37
Q

Z line

A

Then transverse protein structure in the center of the I band that serves as an attachment site for thin filament ends.

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38
Q

The sliding filament theory

A

When a muscle contracts, thick and thin filaments slide passed each other, and the sarcomere shortens.

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39
Q

Show how the banding pattern changes at full contraction(p.297)

A
  • the width of the A band remains constant but the H zone disappears
  • the Z discs in one sarcomere move closer together
  • The sarcomere narrows or shortens in length
  • that I bands narrow or shortening in length
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40
Q

Synaptic knob

A

Expanded tip of an axon of a neuron, when it nears the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber, it expands further to cover a relatively large surface area of the sarcolemma, the nerve impulse travels through the axon to the synaptic knob.

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41
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Narrow space separating the synaptic knob and the motor end plate

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42
Q

Motor end plate

A

is a specialized region of the sarcolemma, it has folds and indentations to increase the membrane surface area covered by the synaptic knob

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43
Q

acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter which helps stimulate the muscle

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44
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A

An enzyme that resides in the synaptic cleft, Break sound molecules of ACH, needed so ACH will not continuously stimulate muscle

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45
Q

Diagram and describe the anatomy and contraction of skeletal muscle tissue(p.302)

A
  • A nerve impulse causes ACH release at a neuromuscular junction. ACH binds receptors on the motor end plate, initiating a muscle impulse.
  • the muscle impulse spreads quickly along the sarcolemma and into the muscle fiber along T tubule membranes, causing calcium ions to be released into the sarcoplasm
  • calcium ions bind to troponin, causing tropomyosin to move and expose active sites on Actin, myosin heads attached to the actin and form cross bridges.
  • myosin heads go through cyclic “attach-pivot-detach-return” events as the thin filaments are pulled passed the thick filaments, ATP is required to detach the myosin heads complete the sequence of cyclic events. The sarcomere shortens, and the muscle contracts. The cyclic events continue as long as calcium ions remain bound to the troponin.
  • calcium ions are moved back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by ATP driven ion pumps to reduce calcium concentration and the sarcoplasm, leading to relaxation. Termination of the muscle impulse results in the passive sliding of myofilaments back to their original state.
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46
Q

Motor unit

A

Composed of a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls, Motor neurons initiate the process of muscle contraction in a single muscle fiber

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47
Q

All or none

A

Principle which states that a muscle fiber either contracts completely or does not contract at all

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48
Q

Considering “the all or none” rule of muscle contraction, How is it that we are able to have smooth and refined body movements

A

When a motor unit is stimulated all its fibers contractors same time the total force exerted by the muscle depends on the number of activated units if more motor units are activator create more muscle fibers contract in greater force exerted payments and require less force need fewer activated motor units. That’s although the muscle fibers ove the all or none principle, the force and precision muscle movement can be very, depending on how many muscle fibers and motor units activated

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49
Q

Contrast fast fibers, slow fibers and intermediate fibers in muscle(chart p. 304)

A

Fast fibers-most prevalent scout of muscle fiber type, Largest in diameter, Contain fast ATPase, provide power and speed, can only contract for short burst because ATP is provided through anaerobic cellular respiration, these fibers appear white because of the relative lack of myoglobin

  • slow fibers- Half the diameter of other skeletal muscle fibers and contains slow ATPase, produce contractions that are slower and less powerful, but can contract over long periods of time without fatigue because ATP is supplied primarily through aerobic cellular respiration, these fibers are dark red because of the presence of large amounts of myoglobin
  • intermediate fibers-least numerous of the skeletal muscle fiber types, intermediate size and contain fast ATPase, fast powerful contraction with a ATP are lighter red because they do contain some myoglobin
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50
Q

Unipennate muscle

A

All the muscle fibers are on the same side of the tendon

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51
Q

Bipennate muscle

A

The most common type, Has muscle fibers on both sides of the tendon

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52
Q

Multipennate muscle

A

Has branches of the tendon within the muscle, example the triangular deltoid

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53
Q

Parallel muscle(biceps, Abdomen, mandible)

A

Has fascicles that run parallel to its long axis, each muscle fiber in this type of skeletal muscle exhibits the functional characteristics of the entire parallel muscle, muscle shortens when it contracts and the body increases in diameter, high endurance but are not as strong as other muscle types

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54
Q

What happens during muscle atrophy and muscle hypertrophy

A

Atrophy is it wasting away of tissue that results in a reduction in muscle size, tone, and power
Hypertrophy is an increasing muscle size, It does not result in an increase in muscle fiber number, however does result in an increasing number of myofibrils per fiber in fast fibers

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55
Q

Why might atrophy be permanent

A

Individuals who suffer damage to the nervous system or paralyzed by spinal injuries, although the muscle atrophy is initially reversible, dead or dying muscle fibers are not replaced. When extreme atrophy occurs, the loss of gross muscle function is permanent.

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56
Q

Convergent muscle

A

Triangular muscle with common attachment site, directional pull of muscle can be changed, does not pull as hard as equal size parallel muscle

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57
Q

Sphincter(Circular)

A

Concentricly arranged around an opening or recess, contraction of the muscle closes off the opening

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58
Q

Homeostasis

A

consistent internal environment

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59
Q

It’s a muscle can only contract(shorten in length) explain how it is that we can push an object. Give an example.

A

p.308

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60
Q

Be able to diagram and label the three kinds of muscle tissue(smooth, cardiac and skeletal).(RECORDING)p. 314

A

Cardiac-striated with intercalated discs, nucleus in the middle, involuntary
Smooth-non-striated, Nucleus in the middle involuntary
Skeletal-striated, nucleus pushed aside, voluntary

61
Q

Describe the relationship between mesoderm, somites and myotomes in muscle development

A

In short
The development of skeletal muscle tissue is initiated during the fourth week of development. blocks of mesoderm called somites form on either side of the neural tube. The myotome portion of the somites forms most skeletal muscle in the body.
Long
The mesoderm forms somites around a 20 new somites are formed at regular intervals until the 44th pair of somites appear on about day 30. cells within a somite differentiate into three distinct regions, the third region the myotome give rises to the skeletal muscles

62
Q

Myoglobin

A

Oxygen carrying and storing molecule in muscle

63
Q

Fascicle

A

Wrap axons with a cellular dense irregular connective

Tissue layer.

64
Q

Fatigue

A

Exhaustion, slow fibers can contract for long period of time without fatigue because ATP is supplied through aerobic cellular respiration

65
Q

White fibers(anaerobic)

A

Anaerobic or fast fibers, lack of myoglobin make White, fast ATPase, exhaust quickly, most prevalent and i largest in diameter, anaerobic cellular respiration

66
Q

Red fibers(aerobic)

A

Slow oxidative fibers, contains slow ATPase, slow less powerful contractions, Less fatigue, ATP supplied through aerobic cellular respiration, Large amounts of myoglobin make dark red

67
Q

Intermediate fibers

A

Fast oxidative fibers, contain fast ATPase, primarily uses aerobic respiration, less capillaries, Contain myoglobin in small amounts, lighter red

68
Q

What are the structural divisions of the nervous system?

A

The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord, the peripheral nervous system is compose of the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia, Everything else.

69
Q

Central nervous system

A

Compose of the brain and spinal cord

70
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Include the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia, Everything else

71
Q

Brain

A

Protected and enclosed within the skull

72
Q

Spinal cord

A

Is housed and protected within the vertebral canal

73
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Nerves that extend from the brain

74
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Nerves that extend from the spinal cord

75
Q

Ganglion(swelling)

A

Clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS

76
Q

What are the functional divisions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory and motor nervous system

  • collecting information-specialized penis structures called receptors detect changes in internal or external environment and pass them onto the CNS as sensory input
  • processing in evaluating information-after processing sensory input, the C&S determines what, if any, response is required
  • responding to information-after selecting an appropriate response, the CNS initiates specific nerve impulses, called motor output, Motor output travel through structures of the PNS to effectors
77
Q

Sensory(afferent)

A

Is responsible for receiving sensory information from receptors in transmitting this information to the CNS, responsible for an input

78
Q

Motor(efferent)

A

Is responsible for transmitting motor impulses from the CNS to muscles or glands, responsible for output

79
Q

Somatic

A

Components are the general somatic senses, touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and Proprioception, and the special senses taste, vision, hearing, balance, and smell. Considered voluntary

80
Q

Visceral

A

Components transmit nerve impulses from blood vessels and viscera to the CNS. Senses include temperature and stretch, involuntary

81
Q

autonomic

A

Innervate internal organ and regulate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, And glands without our control, Involuntary nervous system

82
Q

Differentiate between structural and functional divisions of the nervous system

A

Structural organization-Central and peripheral nervous systems, CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord, PNS is composed of the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia
Functional organization-sensory and motor nervous systems, the nervous system is functionally subdivide into sensory nervous system that conveys sensory information to the CNS, and a motor nervous system that connect motor commands to muscles and glands.

83
Q

Myelin

A

The insulating cover around the axon, a mixture of proteins and phospholipids increase the speed at which impulses are conducted

84
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Wraparound axons of neurons, Forming a discontinuous myelin sheath along the axon, with small gaps called neurofibril nodes, in the CNS

85
Q

Neurolemmocytes

A

Wraparound axons of neurons, Forming a discontinuous myelin sheath along the axon, with small gaps called neurofibril nodes, in the PNS

86
Q

Be able to diagram, label and describe the anatomy of a typical(multipolar) neuron

A

p.417

87
Q

Dendrites

A

tend to be shorter, smaller processes that branch off the cell body, conduct nerve impulses toward the cell body, in essence they receive input and then transfer it to the cell body for processing

88
Q

cell body

A

Serves as the neuron’s control center and is responsible for receiving, integrating, and sending nerve impulses

89
Q

chromatophilic bodies(Nissl bodies)

A

Free and bound ribosomes who produce protein for the Active neuron.

90
Q

axon

A

longer nerve cell processes from the cell body, conduct electrical impulses away from the cell body

91
Q

myelin sheath

A

The insulating covering around the axon consisting of concentric layers of Myelin, the installation results in faster nerve impulse conduction

92
Q

cell body

A

Serves as the neuron’s control center and is responsible for receiving, integrating, and sending nerve impulses, nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm of neuron

93
Q

axon

A

longer nerve cell processes from the cell body, conduct electrical impulses away from the cell body, output

94
Q

neurofibrils

A

bundles of intermediate filaments, extend as complex network into both the dendrites and axons, where their tensile strength provides support for these processes.

95
Q

axon terminal(telodendria)

A

a distal branch of a neuronal axon that can further branch into axon terminals. While each neuron only has one axon, it can branch into several telodendria and form presynaptic vesicles for neurotransmission at each branch.

96
Q

synaptic knob

A

swelling of axons at their end branches

97
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.

98
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons based upon their anatomy?

A

unipolar, bipolar, Multipolar

99
Q

Unipolar

A

Most sensory neurons, detect stimuli in the form of touch, pressure, temperature, or chemicals; single short cell process

100
Q

Bipolar

A

Uncommon, some special sense neurons(olfactory epithelium of nose, retina of eye)two nerve cell processes

101
Q

Multipolar

A

Enter neurons, motor neurons, most common type of neuron, Multiple nerve cell processes

102
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Transmit nerve impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS, These neurons are specialized to detect changes in their environment called stimuli(touch, heat, etc.)

103
Q

Special senses

A

Bipolar neuron one axon and one dendrite extend from cell body relatively uncommon in humans located in the olfactory epithelium of the nose and in the retina of the eye

104
Q

Motor neuron(efferent)

A

Transmit nerve impulses from the CNS to muscles are glands, called motor neurons because most of them extend to muscle cells, in the nerve impulses they transmit cause these cells to contract

105
Q

Polysynaptic reflex arc

A

see lab manual

106
Q

Receptor

A

Detect changes in their environment called stimuli

107
Q

Interneuron

A

Lie entirely within the CNS and are multipolar structures, facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons

108
Q

Effector

A

The cells that receive impulses from motor neurons: Muscles or glands

109
Q

muscle and glands(neurons)

A

the axons primarily travel in cranial or spinal nerves to muscles and glands.

110
Q

Monosynaptic

A

Simplest of all reflexes, the sensory axons synapse directly on the motor neurons, whose axons project to the effector, no interneurons, less delay for response

111
Q

Polysynaptic

A

More complex neural pathways that exhibit a number of synapses involving interneurons within the reflex arc, more delay for response

112
Q

Action potential

A

In nerve impulses caused by an actual voltage change that moves along the plasma membrane of the axon, neurons possess electrical excitability, The ability to respond to stimulus and generate a nerve impulse

113
Q

Resting potential

A

the electrical potential of a neuron or other excitable cell relative to its surroundings when not stimulated or involved in passage of an impulse.

114
Q

Be able to give an overview of how the nerve impulse works. What factors affect the speed of an impulse

A

A nerve impulse is the rapid movement of electrical charge along the neurons plasma membrane. Neurons possess electrical excitability, the ability to respond to a stimulus generating nerve impulse, the action potential is an electrical signal that travels on the surface of a neurons plasma membrane to stimulate either another neuron or muscle cell.
-a myelinated axon produces a faster nerve impulse because only the exposed membrane regions are affected as the impulse jumps toward the end of the axon(jumping btwn. nodes), unmyelinated must travel through entire axon

115
Q

Na+

A

sodium ion, has positive charge because it is missing an electron(action potential)

116
Q

Ion pumps

A

Active transport processes that move ions across the membrane

117
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of a substance across the plasma membrane against a concentration gradient, so materials must be moved from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, (requires ATP you know it definitely)

118
Q

Diffusion

A

The tendency of molecules to move down their concentration gradient, molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

119
Q

K+

A

potassium ion

120
Q

Nerve Impulse threshold

A

A stimulus from a sensory cell or another neuron depolarizes the target neuron to its threshold potential (-55 mV), and Na + channels in the axon hillock open, starting an action potential. Once the sodium channels open, the neuron completely depolarizes to a membrane potential of about +40 mV.

121
Q

nerve impulse all or nothing

A

The all-or-none law is the principle that the strength by which a nerve or muscle fiber responds to a stimulus is independent of the strength of the stimulus. If that stimulus exceeds the threshold potential, the nerve or muscle fiber will give a complete response; otherwise, there is no response.

122
Q

saltatory conduction

A

The process in a myelinated axon when a nerve impulse jumps from neurofibril node to neurofibril node

123
Q

Depolarization

A

sodium flows in creating action potential/ peak voltage

124
Q

-70mv

A

resting potential voltage

125
Q

Be able to diagram and assign the function to each of the six kinds of neuroglia. How neuroglia differ from neurons?

A

p.420,
-astrocyte-helps form the blood brain barrier
-ependymal cell-assistant production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
-Microglial cell- phagocytizes waste
-oligodendrocyte-myelinates and insulates CNS axons
-satellite cell-Potects and regulates nutrients for cell bodys in ganglia
-neurolemmocyte- myelinates and insulates PNS axons.
?The neuroglia structurally and functionally support and protect the neurons. They outnumber neurons about 10 to 1, but they are not directly involved in the transmission of information or impulses through the nervous system. Rather, they are important parts of the infrastructure necessary for the neurons to do their jobs.

126
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)

A

a clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space, covers exposed surfaces of the CNS and completely surrounds the brain and spinal cord, three important functions buoyancy, prevent crushing itself, protection, cushion from sudden movements, environmental stability, transport chemicals to the brain and removes waste products.

127
Q

myelinating glia

A

oligodendrocyte and neurolemmocyte

128
Q

neurilemma

A

used to describe the delicate, thin outer membrane of neurolemmocyte

129
Q

Ganglia

A

Clusters of neurons cell bodies located outside CNS

130
Q

Nerve

A

The cable like bundle of parallell axons,

131
Q

fascicle(fasiculus)

A

Groups of axons wrapped into separate bundles by a cellular dense irregular connective tissue layer called the perineurium

132
Q

epineurium

A

thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue that encloses the entire nerve, providing both support and protection to the fascicles within the layer

133
Q

perineurium

A

This layer supports blood vessels supplying the capillaries within the endoneurium

134
Q

endoneurium

A

a delicate layer of the areolar connective tissue that separates and electrically isolates each axon.

135
Q

Be able to describe the difference between a nerve and a neuron

A

A nerve is a bundle of axons. A neuron is the basic cell of the nervous system and is made of the cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

136
Q

Be able to diagram and label nerve cross-section showing the connective tissue covering

A

p.427(audios)

137
Q

Be able to diagram and describe a chemical synapse. Why have synapses?

A

diagram pg. 429, this type of synapse facilitates most of the interactions between neurons and all communications between neurons effectors.
?synapses are needed to pass communication between neurons and effectors creating action.

138
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

Transmit nerve impulses through there axons towards a synapse

139
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

Conduct nerve impulses through dendrites and cell bodies away from the synapse

140
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine is the most common neurotransmitter. a signaling molecule released by the presynaptic membrane at chemical synapses

141
Q

axon ending

A

transmits neurotranmitter from one synapse to another

142
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse. The release is regulated by a voltage-dependent calcium channel. Vesicles are essential for propagating nerve impulses between neurons and are constantly recreated by the cell.

143
Q

norepinephrine

A

hormone released into bloodstream to prolong fight or flight response during sympathetic stimulation

144
Q

Muscle Banding Patterns

A

the width of the A band remains constant, but the H zone disappears.
The Z discs in one sarcomere move closer together.
The sarcomere narrows or shortens in length.
The I bands narrow or shorten in length.

145
Q

Nerve Impulse Essay ?

A

A nerve impulse is the rapid movement of electrical charge along the neurons plasma membrane. Neurons possess electrical excitability, the ability to respond to a stimulus generating nerve impulse, the action potential is an electrical signal that travels on the surface of a neurons plasma membrane to stimulate either another neuron or muscle cell.
-a myelinated axon produces a faster nerve impulse because only the exposed membrane regions are affected as the impulse jumps toward the end of the axon(jumping btwn. nodes), unmyelinated must travel through entire axon

146
Q

Parasympathetic vs. sympathetic Essay ?

A

Parasympathetic division of the ANS is primarily concerned with conserving energy and replinishing nutrient stores. Most active when body is at rest (rest and digest) also helps to maintain homeostasis.(activates little at a time)
Sympathetic division is primarily concerned with preparing the body for emergencies. Fight or flight division, mass activation response

147
Q

Brain Development Lobes Essay ?

A

Procencephalon(forebrain) creates telencephalon which forms cerebrum and diencephalon which forms thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

mececephalon(middle brain) creates middle brain

rhombencephalon(hind brain)-creates the metencephalon which forms the pons and cerebellum and forms the myelencephalon which forms medulla oblongata.

148
Q

muscle contraction essay ?

A
  1. Motor neuron action potential.
  2. ACH released at neuromuscular junction
  3. NA++ diffuses into muscle fiber through open channels
  4. Sarcolemma action potential
  5. T-tubule action potential
  6. Release of Ca+ from terminal cisternae
  7. Ca+ binds to troponin allow myosin heads to bind to actin
  8. Sarcomere shortens
  9. Contraction

micro w/ favoreto (2 decks)

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