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biology > anatomy of flowering plants > Flashcards

anatomy of flowering plants Flashcards

1
Q

simple tissues

A

permanent tissues having all cells similar in structure and function(have only 1 type of cell)

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2
Q

complex tissues

A

permanent tissues having many different types of cells and these work together as a unit

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3
Q

simple tissues in plants

A

parenchyma. collenchyma, sclerenchyma

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4
Q

which simple tissue forms the major component within organs

A

parenchyma

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5
Q

4 features of parenchyma cells

A
  1. generally isodiametric
  2. shape: spherical, oval, round, polygonal or elongated
  3. walls: thin, cellulosic
  4. either closely packed or have small intercellular spaces
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6
Q

functions of parenchyma cells

A
  1. photosynthesis
  2. storage
  3. secretion
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7
Q

position of collenchyma

A

layers below the epidermis in DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS

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8
Q

collenchyma is found either as

A
  1. homogenous layer
  2. patches
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9
Q

4 features of collenchyma

A
  1. cells are thickened at the corners due to the deposition of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin
  2. shape: oval, spherical, polygonal
  3. often contain chloroplasts
  4. intercellular space are absent
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10
Q

2 functions of collenchyma

A
  1. assimilate food if they have chloroplasts
  2. provide mechanical support to the growing parts of the plant such as the young stem and petiole of the leaf
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11
Q

5 features of sclerenchyma

A
  1. long, narrow cells
  2. thick, lignifies cell walls having few or numerous pits
  3. usually dead
  4. w/o protoplasm
  5. fibres or sclereids
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12
Q

on the basis of what features are sclerenchyma can be either fibres or scereids

A
  1. variation in form
  2. structure
  3. origin
  4. development
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13
Q

4 features of fibres(sclerenchyma)

A
  1. thick-walled
  2. elongated
  3. pointed cells
  4. generally occurring in groups
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14
Q

3 features of sclereids

A
  1. shape: spherical, oval or cylindrical
  2. highly thickened dead cells
  3. with very narrow cavities(lumen)
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15
Q

sclereids are commonly found in

A
  1. fruit walls of nuts
  2. pulp of fruits like guava, pear and sapota
  3. seed coats of legumes
  4. leaves of tea
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16
Q

sclerenchyma function

A

provides mechanical support to organs

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17
Q

name the complex tissues in plants

A

xylem, phloem

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18
Q

xylem functions as a…..from…

A

conduction tissue for water and minerals from roots to stem and leaves

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19
Q

another function of xylem

A

provides mechanical strength to plant parts

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20
Q

what are the 4 elements of xylem

A
  1. tracheids
    2.vessels
    3.xylem fibre
  2. xylem paranchyma
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21
Q

what’s wrong with gymnosperms

A

lack vessels in the xylem

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22
Q

6 features of tracheids

A
  1. elongated or tube-like cells
  2. thick and lignified walls
  3. tapering ends
  4. dead
  5. w/o protoplasm
  6. The inner layers of the cell walls have thickening which varies in form
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23
Q

in flowering plants what are the main water-transporting elements

A

tracheids and vessels

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24
Q

6 features of vessels(xylem)

A
  1. a long cylindrical tube-like structure
  2. made up of many cells called vessel members
  3. each with lignified walls
  4. and a large central cavity
  5. vessel cells are also devoid of protoplasm
  6. vessel members interconnected through perforations in their common walls
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25
Q

characteristic feature of angiosperm

A

presence of vessels

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26
Q

3 features of xylem fibres

A
  1. highly thickened walls
  2. obliterated central lumens
  3. either septate/aseptate
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27
Q

4 features of xylem parenchyma

A
  1. living
  2. thin-walled
  3. cellulosic cell wall
  4. store food in the form of starch/fat and other substances-tannins
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28
Q

ray parenchyma cells: function

A

radial conduction of water takes place by ray parenchyma cells

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29
Q

two types of primary xylem

A

protoxylem-first formed primary xylem elements
metaxylem-later formed primary xylem

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30
Q

arrangement of primary xylem in stems

A

protoxylem lies towards centre(pith)
metaxylem lies towards the periphery of the organ
»endarch

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31
Q

arrangement of primary xylem in roots

A

protoxylem lies towards the periphery
metaxylem lies towards the centre
»exarch

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32
Q

phloem function

A

transports food materials usually from leaves to other parts of the plant

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33
Q

composition of phloem in angiosperms

A
  1. sieve tube elements
  2. companion cells
  3. phloem parenchyma
  4. phloem fibres
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34
Q

phloem in gymnosperms

A

have albuminous cells and sieve cells
(lack sieve tubes and companion cells)

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35
Q

7 features of the sieve tube element

A
  1. long, tube-like structures
  2. arranged longitudinally
  3. associated with companion cells
  4. end walls are perforated in a sieve-like manner to form sieve plates

mature sieve element:
5. possesses a peripheral cytoplasm
6. large vacuole
7. lacks a nucleus

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36
Q

2 features of companion cells

A
  1. specialised parenchymatous cells
  2. closely associated with sieve tube elements
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37
Q

how are the companion cells and sieve tubes connected

A

by pit fields present between their common longitudinal walls

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38
Q

function of companion cells

A
  1. functions of the sieve tube controlled by the nucleus of companion cells
  2. help in maintaining the pressure gradient in the sieve tubes
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39
Q

8 features of phloem parenchyma

A
  1. elongated
  2. tapering
  3. cylindrical cells
  4. dense cytoplasm
  5. has a nucleus
  6. cellulosic cell wall
  7. has pits through which plasmodesmata connections exist between the cells
  8. stores food material and other substances like resins, latex and mucilage
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40
Q

phloem parenchyma is absent in

A

most of the monocotyledons

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41
Q

phloem fibres aka

A

bast fibres

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42
Q

phloem fibres are made up of

A

sclerenchymatous cells

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43
Q

when are the phloem fibres found

A

generally absent in primary phloem
found in secondary phloem

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44
Q

5 features of phloem fibres

A
  1. elongated
  2. unbranched
  3. pointed, needle-like apices
  4. thick cell wall

at maturity
5. lose their protoplasm and become dead

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45
Q

phloem fibres of which plants are used commercially

A

jute, flax and hemp

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46
Q

protophloem vs metaphloem

A

protophloem-first formed primary phloem consists of narrow sieve tubes

metaphloem-later formed phloem, has bigger sieve tubes

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47
Q

tissues vary depending on

A

their location in the plant body

their structure and function would be dependent on the location

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48
Q

based on structure and function, there are three types of tissues.

Name them.

A
  1. epidermal tissue system
  2. ground or fundamental tissue system
  3. vascular or conducting tissue system
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49
Q

epidermal tissue system forms the

A

outer-most covering of the whole plant body

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50
Q

epidermal tissue system comprises of

A
  1. epidermal cells
  2. stomata
  3. epidermal appendages-trichomes and hair
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51
Q

epidermis

A

outermost layer of the primary plant body

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52
Q

describe the arrangement cells of the epidermis

A

elongated, compactly arranged cells, which form a continuous layer

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53
Q

epidermis: how many layers?

A

usually single-layered

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54
Q

3 features of epidermal cells

A
  1. parenchymatous
  2. a small amount of cytoplasm lining the cell wall
  3. large vacuole
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55
Q

outside of the epidermis is often covered with…and what’s its fucntion

A

waxy thick layer of cuticle-prevents water loss

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56
Q

cuticle is absent in

A

roots

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57
Q

stomata function

A

regulate the process of transpiration and gaseous exchange

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58
Q

features of stomata( in grasses as well )

A
  1. each stoma is composed of 2 bean-shaped cells-guard cells
    in grasses, guard cells-dumble shaped
  2. outer walls of guard cells-thin
    inner walls-highly thickened
  3. guard cells possess chloroplasts-regulate opening and closing of stomata
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59
Q

subsidiary cells

A

sometimes, a few epidermal cells in the vicinity of guard cells become specialised in their shape and structure

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60
Q

stomatal apparatus

A

stomatal aperture, guard cells and subsidiary cells

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61
Q

root hairs:
what are they?
function?

A

unicellular elongations of epidermal cells of root
help absorb water and minerals from the soil

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62
Q

trichomes

A

epidermal hairs of stem

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63
Q

trichomes of shoot system: features

A

> > usually multicellular
may be branched or unbranched
soft/stiff
may be secretary

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64
Q

function of trichomes

A

prevent water loss due to transpiration

65
Q

ground tissues

A

all tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles

66
Q

ground tissue consists of

A

simple tissues:
paren
collen
scleren

67
Q

in the ground tissue system in primary stems and roots, parenchymatous cells are usually present in

A

cortex
pericycle
pith
medullary rays

68
Q

in leaves, the ground tissue consists of

A

thin-walled chloroplast containing cells and is called mesophyll

69
Q

the vascular system consists of

A

complex tissues: xylem and phloem

70
Q

the xylem and phloem constitute

A

vascular bundles

71
Q

where are open vascular bundles seen? Whyare they open? Plants that have these possess the ability to?

A

in dicotyledonous stems
due to the presence of cambium between the phloem and xylem, they possess the ability to form secondary xylem and phloem tissues

72
Q

why monocotyledons do not form secondary tissues?

A

vascular bundles have no cambium present in them-closed vascular bundles

73
Q

radial vascular bundles

A

when the xylem and phloem within the vascular bundle are arranged in an alternate manner on different radii

74
Q

conjoint vascular bundles

A

xylem and phloem are situated at the same radius of vascular bundles

75
Q

which arrangement of vascular bundles is common in stems and leaves

A

conjoint

76
Q

position of phloem in conjoint VB

A

usually located only on the outer side of the xylem

77
Q

parts to discuss in dicot root

A
  1. epidermis
  2. cortex
  3. endodermis
  4. pericycle
  5. pith
  6. conjunctive tissue
  7. no. of xylem and phloem + cambium ring
  8. stele
78
Q

dicot root: epidermis

A
  1. outermost layer
  2. many of epidermal cells protrude in the form of unicellular root hairs
79
Q

dicot root: cortex

A
  1. several layers of
  2. thin-walled
  3. parenchyma cells
  4. with intercellular spaces
80
Q

dicot root: endodermis

A
  1. innermost layer of cortex
  2. comprises a single layer of barrel-shaped cells
  3. w/o intercellular spaces
  4. the tangential and radial walls of endodermal cells have a deposition of water-impermeable, waxy material: suberin, in the form of Casparian strips
81
Q

dicot root: pericycle

A
  1. next to endodermis
  2. a few layers of
  3. thick-walled
  4. parenchymatous cells
  5. initiation of lateral roots and vascular cambium during 2ndary growth takes place in these cells
82
Q

dicot root: pith size

A

small/inconspicuous

83
Q

dicot root: conjunctive tissue

A

parenchymatous tissue which lie between xylem and phloem

84
Q

dicot root: number of xylems and phloem +cambium ring

A

usually 2-3 xylem
phloem patches

later, a cambium ring develops between the xylem and phloem

85
Q

dicot root: stele

A

all tissues on the inner side of the endodermis:

pericycle
vascular bundles
pith

86
Q

compare monocot root with dicot root

A

similarity: has epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles and pith

differences:
1. dicot root has fewer xylem bundles
monocot roots usually have more than 6(polyarch) VB

  1. in monocots the pith is large and developed
  2. monocot roots do not undergo 2ndary growth
87
Q

parts to talk about in a dicot stem:

A
  1. epidermis
  2. hypodermis
  3. cortical layers
  4. endodermis
  5. pericycle
  6. medullary rays
  7. vascular bundles
  8. pith
88
Q

dicot stem: epidermis

A
  1. The outermost protective layer of the stem
  2. covered with a thin layer of cuticle
  3. may bear trichomes and a few stomata
89
Q

dicot stem: cortex

A

cells arranged in multiples layers between epidermis and pericycle constitute the cortex

has there sub zones

90
Q

dicot stem: hypodermis

A
  1. consists of a few layers of collenchymatous cells just below the epidermis
  2. which provides mechanical strength to the young stem
91
Q

dicot stem: cortical layers

A
  1. below hypodermis
  2. rounded thin-walled parenchymatous cells with conspicuous intercellular spaces
92
Q

dicot stem: endodermis

A
  1. innermost layer of cortex
  2. cells are rich in starch grains- hence called starch sheath
93
Q

dicot stem: pericycle

A
  1. present on the inner side of the endodermis, above the phloem
  2. in the form of semi-lunar patches of sclerenchyma
94
Q

dicot stem: medullary rays

A

in between vascular bundles are a few layers of radially placed parenchymatous cells

95
Q

dicot stem: vascular bundle arrangement

A

ring arrangement—characteristic of dicot stem

96
Q

dicot stem: structure of each vascular bundle

A
  1. conjoint
  2. open
  3. endarch protoxylem
97
Q

dicot stem: pith

A

large number of rounded parenchymatous cells with large intercellular spaces which occupy the central portion of the stem

98
Q

monocot stem: hypodermis is

A

sclerenchymatous

99
Q

vascular bundles in monocot stem

A

1.a large number of scattered VB,

  1. each surrounded by a sclerenchymatous bundle sheath
  2. VB are conjoint and closed
  3. peripheral VB are generally smaller than centrally located ones
  4. water containing cavities are present within VB
100
Q

ground tissue in monot stems

A

large, conspicuous parenchymatous

101
Q

what is absent in monocot stems

A

phloem parenchyma

102
Q

dicot leaf aka

A

dorsiventral leaf

103
Q

3 main parts of dorsiventral leaf

A

epidermis, mesophyll and vascular system

104
Q

dicot leaf: epidermis

A

includes adaxial epidermis and abaxial epidermis
has a conspicuous cuticle

abaxial epidermis generally bears more stomata than adaxial( may even lack stomata)

105
Q

dicot leaf: mesophyll

A

tissue between upper and lower epidermis

106
Q

dicot leaf: mesophyll
1. made up of
2. possess…
3. two types of cells?

A
  1. parenchyma
  2. chloroplast and carry out photosynthesis
  3. palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma
107
Q

palisade parenchyma

A
  1. adaxially placed
  2. elongates cells
  3. arranged vertically and parallel to each other
108
Q

spongy parenchyma

A
  1. oval or round
  2. loosely arranged
  3. extends to lower epidermis
  4. numerous large spaces and air cavities between these cells
109
Q

vascular system includes….which can be seen in…

A

vascular bundles
veins and midrib

110
Q

size of vascular bundles are dependent on

A

size of veins

111
Q

veins in dicot leaf

A

vary in thickness in the reticulate venation

112
Q

in dorsiventral leaves, the vascular bundles are surrounded by a layer of

A

thick walled bundle sheath cells

113
Q

isobilateral leaf:
1. stomata
2. mesophyll
3. venation

A
  1. stomata present on both surfaces of the epidermis
  2. mesophyll is not differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma
  3. parallel venation in monocot leaves–reflected in the near similar sizes of vascular bundles except in the main veins
114
Q

isobilateral leaf: grasses

A

certain abaxial epidermal cells along the veins modify into large, empty, colorless cells–bulliform cells

115
Q

bulliform cells–how do they work

A

turgid-leaf surface is exposed
flaccid-leaves curl to minimise water loss

116
Q

define primary growth

A

growth of the roots and shoots IN LENGTH with the help of apical meristem

117
Q

seconday growth

A

increase in girth

118
Q

do all dicots exhibit 2ndary growth?

A

no but most of them do

119
Q

what are the tissues involved in 2ndary growth

A

two lateral meristems:

vascular cambium
cork cambium

120
Q

Vascular cambium:
the meristematic layer responsible for ___________

A

cutting off vascular tissues-xylem and phoem

121
Q

Vascular cambium: where are they found

A

in young stem, it is found as patches between xylem and phloem

later, it ofrms a complete ring

122
Q

intrafascicular cambium

A

in dicot STEMS, cells of cambium between primary xylem and primary phloem

123
Q

Interfascicular cambium

A

cells of the medullary rays, adjoining these intrafascicular cambium become meristematic and forms the Interfascicular cambium

this is how a continuous ring is formed

124
Q

formation of secondary xylem and secondary phloem

A
  1. happens when cambial ring becomes active
  2. and begins to cut off new cells both towards the inner and outer sides
  3. cells cut off towards the pith mature into 2ndary xylem
    cells cut off towards periphery mature into 2ndry phloem
125
Q

on which side is the cambium generally more active

A

on the inner side

126
Q

what’s the result of cambium being more active on the inside

A
  1. amt of 2ndary xylem» 2ndary phloem and soon forms a compact mass
  2. primary and 2ndary phloems get gradually crushed due to the continued formation and accumulation of 2ndary xylem
  3. primary xylem however remains more/less intact in or around the centre
127
Q

secondary medullary rays:
1. origin
2. what does it pass thru
3. in which direction

A
  1. at some places, cambium forms a narrow band of parenchyma
  2. which passes thru 2ndary xylem and 2ndary phloem
  3. in radial directions
128
Q

activity of cambium is under the control of

A

many physiological and environmental factors

129
Q

in which regions are climatic conditions not constant thruout the year

A

temperate

130
Q

cambium in spring

A

very active
produces a large number of xylary elements having vessels with wider cavities

wood formed-spring/early wood

131
Q

cambium in winter

A

less active
forms fewer xylary elements with narrow vessels

autumn/late wood

132
Q

color and density of spring and autumn wood

A

spring: lighter in color, low density

autumn: darker, higher density

133
Q

annual ring

A

spring and autumn wood appear as alternate concentric rings. They constitute an annual ring

134
Q

annual rings seen in a cut stem give an estimate of the

A

age of the tree

135
Q

describe the heartwood

A
  1. in old trees, greater part of 2ndary xylem dark brown
  2. due to deposition of org. compounds like tannins, resins, oils, gums, aromatic substances and essential oils in the innermost layer of stem
  3. these substances make it hard, durable and resistant to attacks of microorg and insects
  4. this region comprises dead elements with highly lignified walls
136
Q

heartwood: conduction of water and support?

A

does not conduct water
but gives mechanical support to stem

137
Q

describe the sapwood

A

peripheral region of 2ndry xylem

lighter in color

138
Q

sapwood function

A

conducts water and minerals from root to leaf

139
Q

a damaging effect of stem increasing in girth due to the activity of vascular cambium

A

the outer cortical and epidermis layers get broken (these are protective cell layers)

140
Q

cork cambium aka

A

phellogen

141
Q

cork cambium/phellogen usually develops in the

A

cortex region

142
Q

cork aka

A

phellum

143
Q

2ndary cortex aka

A

phelloderm

144
Q

so how are the broken outer cortical and epidermis layers replaced? (4 points)

A
  1. sooner or later, another meristematic tissue cork cambium/phellogen develops in the cortex region.
  2. phellogen cuts off cells both sides
  3. outer cells differentiate into cork/phellum
  4. inner cells differentiate into 2ndary cortex/phelloderm
145
Q

thickness of phhelogen

A

couple of layers thick

146
Q

describe the features of cells of phellogen

A

narrow, thin-walled, nearly rectangular cells

147
Q

why is the cork impervious to water

A

due to the deposition of suberin the cell wall

148
Q

what type of cells are secondary cortex made up of

A

parenchymatous

149
Q

phellem, phellogen and phelloderm are colectively known as

A

periderm

150
Q

due to the activity of cork cambium…

A

pressure builds up on the remaining layers peripheral to phellogen

ultimately, these layers die and slough off

151
Q

bark

A

refers to all tissues exterior to vascular cambium

includes 2ndary phloem and periderm

152
Q

bark formed early in the season is _______

late in the season ______

A

early/soft bark

late/hard bark

153
Q

describe how lenticles are formed

A
  1. at certain regions, phellogen cuts off closely arranged parenchymatous cells on the outer side instead of cork cells
  2. these parenchymatous cells soon rupture the epidermis
  3. forming lense-shaped opening-lenticles
154
Q

lenticles function

A

permit the exchange of gases between outer atmosphere and internal tissue of stem

155
Q

lenticles occur in

A

most woody trees

156
Q

in the dicot root, vascular cambium is

A

completely 2ry in origin

157
Q

origin of vascular cambium in dicot root

A

originated from the tissue located just below the phloem bundles, a portion of pericycle tissue, above the protoxylem forming a complete, continuous wavy ring which later becomes circular

158
Q

secondary growth also occurs in stems and roots of

A

gymnosperms

159
Q

secondary growth doesnt occur in

A

monocotyledons

biology (4 decks)

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