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BIO103 > anatomy of microorganism > Flashcards

anatomy of microorganism Flashcards

1
Q

universal ancestor

A

Domain Eukarya
Domain Archae
Domain Bacteria

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2
Q

Domain Archae
E
C
N
K

A

Euryarchaeotes
Crenarchaeotes
Nanoarchaeotes
Korarchaeotes

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3
Q

Domain Bacteria

P
Cl
S
C
Gp

A

Proteobacteria
Chlamydias
Spirochetes
Cyanobacteria
Gram- Positive bacteria

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4
Q

any cells that defined a clearly nucleus and membrane bound organelles

A

Eukaryotic cells

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5
Q

an unicellular organism that does not contain nucleus, membrane or organelles.

A

Prokaryotic cells

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6
Q

can be found in animals, plants, fungi, and protist cells

A

eukaryotic cells

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7
Q

are bacteria and archae

A

prokaryotic cells

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8
Q

present in nucleus

A

eukaryotic cells

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9
Q

Absent in nucleus( nucleod region)

A

prokaryotic cells

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10
Q

large (10-100) in micrometer

A

eukaryotic cells

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11
Q

small (< 5 micometer)

A

prokaryotic cells

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12
Q

DNA replication
highly regulated with selective origins and sequences

A

eukaryotic cells

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13
Q

DNA replication
replicates entire genomes at once

A

prokaryoric cells

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14
Q

organism type
usually multicellular

A

eukaryotic cells

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15
Q

organism type
unicellular

A

prokaryotic cells

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16
Q

chromosomes
more than 1

A

eukaryotic cells

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17
Q

chomosomes:
one long single loop of DNA and plasmids

A

prokaryortic cells

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18
Q

ribosomes:
large

A

eukaryotic cells

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19
Q

ribosomes:
small

A

-prokaryotic cells

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20
Q

growth rate/ generation time of eukaryotic

A

slower

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21
Q

growth rate/ generation time of prokaryotic

A

faster

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22
Q

organelles
present

A

eukaryotic cells

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23
Q

organelles
absent

A

prokaryotic cells

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24
Q

common characteristics of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

ability to store hereditary information
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
ribosomes
cell division
flagella
chromosomes

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25
Q

Cell wall of eukaryotic cells

A

simple: present in plants and fungi

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26
Q

Cell wall of prokaryotic cells

A

complex: present in all prokaryotes

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27
Q

Binary fission

A

Prokaryotes

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28
Q

undergo mitosis

A

eukaryotes

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29
Q

cytoskeleton

A

eukaryotes

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30
Q

linear DNA with histones

A

eukaryotes

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31
Q

cicular DNA

A

prokaryotes

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32
Q

complex appendages

A

eukaryotes

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33
Q

simple appendages

A

prokaryotes

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34
Q

their name comes from
the Greek eu, “true” and karyon, “nut” or “kernel“.

A

Domain Eukaryota or eukarya

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35
Q

A typical eukaryotic cell is surrounded by a ______
and contains many different______with a variety of functions.

A

plasma membrane
structures and organelles

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36
Q

The major groups of EUKARYOTE
microorganisms

A

(fungi, protozoa, and algae),parasitic worms and mites, and all plants and animals up to
and including humans

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37
Q

Strengthen and give shape to the cell

A

Cell wall and pellicle (EC)

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38
Q

Photosynthesis—trapping light energy and formation of carbohydrate from CO2 and water

A

Chloroplasts (EC)

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39
Q

Cell movement

A

Cilia and flagella (EC)

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40
Q

Environment for other organelles, location of many metabolic processes

A

Cytoplasmic matrix (EC)

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41
Q

Transport of materials, protein and lipid synthesis

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (EC)

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42
Q

Packaging and secretion of materials for various purposes, lysosome information

A

Golgi apparatus (EC)

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43
Q

Intracellular digestion

A

Lysosomes (EC)

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44
Q

Cell structure and movements, form the cytoskeleton

MF
IF
MT

A

Microfilaments, intermediate
filaments, and microtubules (EC)

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45
Q

Energy production through use of the tricarboxylic acid
cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and
other pathways

A

Mitochondria (EC)`

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46
Q

Ribosomal RNA synthesis, ribosome construction

A

Nucleolus (EC)

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47
Q

Repository for genetic information, control centre for cell

A

Nucleus (EC)

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48
Q

Mechanical cell boundary, selectively permeable barrier with
transport systems, mediates cell-cell interactions and
adhesion to surfaces, secretion

A

Plasma membrane (EC)

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49
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes (EC) (PC)

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50
Q

Temporary storage and transport, digestion (food vacuoles),
water balance (contractile vacuole)

A

Vacuole (EC)

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51
Q

is coined from two Greek
words pro, before, and karyon, nut or kernel.

A

Prokaryotes or Procaryotes

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52
Q

used to describe unicellular (single-celled) organisms that
lack true nucleus and membrane-bound cell organelles.
This means that the genetic material in _____is
not bound within a nucleus.

A

Prokaryotes or Procaryotes

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53
Q

divided into two domains,

A

Bacteria and Archaea.

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54
Q

Common prokaryotic cell types.

A

(a) cocci, or spherical
(b) bacilli, or rod-shaped
(c)spirilli, or spiral-shaped

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55
Q

archaebacteria

A

-methanospirillum hungatei
-methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum
-thermoacidophiles
-methanobacterium ruminantium
-methanospirillum bacteri
-methanogenium thermophilum

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56
Q

eubacteria

A

-Gleocapsa
-anabaena spiroides
-gram positive
-gram negative

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57
Q

Resistance to phagocytosis, adherence to surfaces

A

Capsules and slime layers (PC)

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58
Q

Gives bacteria shape and protection from lysis in dilute
solutions

A

Cell wall (PC)

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59
Q

Survival under harsh environmental conditions

A

Endospore (PC)

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60
Q

Attachment to surfaces, bacterial mating

A

Fimbriae and pili (PC)

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61
Q

Provides the power of motility or self-propulsion

A

Flagella (PC)

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62
Q

Buoyancy for floating in aquatic environments.

A

Gas vacuole (PC)

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63
Q

Storage of carbon, phosphate, and other substances

A

Inclusion bodies (PC)

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64
Q

Localization of genetic material (DNA)

A

Nucleoid (PC)

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65
Q

Contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for
nutrient processing and uptake’

A

Periplasmic space (PC)

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66
Q

Selectively permeable barrier, mechanical boundary of cell,
nutrient and waste transport, location of many metabolic
processes (respiration, photosynthesis), detection of
environmental cues for chemotaxis

A

Plasma membrane (PC)

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67
Q
  • more standard
    energy
    production
A

EUBACTERIA

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68
Q
  • less standard
    energy
    production
A

ARCHAEBACTERIA

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69
Q

is the biological conversion of one or more carbon-containing molecules
(usually carbon dioxide or methane) and nutrients into organic matter using
the oxidation of inorganic compounds

A

Chemosynthesis

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70
Q

is the biological conversion of one or more carbon-containing molecules
(usually carbon dioxide or methane) and nutrients into organic matter using
the oxidation of inorganic compounds

A

Chemosynthesis

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71
Q

Energy: Chemosynthesis*

A

Archaebacteria

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72
Q
  • unicellular organisms without nuclei
  • No organelles
  • Have cell walls
  • Lacks peptidoglycan
  • DNA is more similar to eukaryotes, denotes lineage.
  • Live in extreme environments
  • No oxygen
  • hot springs, deep ocean
A

Archaebacteria

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73
Q

*Protecting cell against ion & pH fluctuations, osmotic stress,
degrading enzymes or predacious bacteria.
helps in maintaining shape & envelope rigidity of the cell.
* it promotes cell adhesion to surfaces
* widely studied recently especially in connection with
nanotechnology due to their ability to self assemble protein
units without the aid of enzymes.

A

archaebacteria cell wall

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74
Q
  • S-layer could be used technologies such as drug delivery
    systems & novel detection systems for toxic chemicals.
A

Future Prospects: archaebacteria

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75
Q

Major Types of Archaebacteria Cell Wall

A

type 1,2,3,4,5

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76
Q

*The most common type of archaeal cell wall is an S layer composed of
either protein or glycoprotein.
* Thickness: 20-40nm thick
* S-layer cell walls are present in some Methanogens like Methanococcus,
Halophiles and Extreme Thermophiles like Sulpholobus and Pyrodictium
etc.

A

type 1 AB cellwall

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77
Q
  • Additional layers of material are present outside the S-layer. In
    Methanosprillum, there is a protein sheath external to the S-layer.
A

type 2 Ab cell wall

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78
Q
  • In Methanosarcina, S-layer is covered by a chondroitin like material called as ________
A

type 3 AB cell wall

-methanochondroitin.

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79
Q
  • In some Archae like Methanothermus and Methanopyrus, S-layer is
    the outermost layer and is separated from the plasma membrane by
    a peptidoglycan-like molecule called_________
A

type 4 AB cell wall
- psuedomurein.

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80
Q

differ from Peptidoglycan in having N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid instead of N-acetyl muramic acid, L-amino acids instead of D-amino acids that cross links and Beta (1->3) glycosidic linkage instead of Beta (1->4) glycosidic linkage.

A

Psuedomurein

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81
Q
  • In this type, S layer is absent. Instead archeal cell wall is single
    thick, homogenous layer resembling Gram positive bacteria. These
    archaea often stain Gram positive. This type is present in
    Methanobacterium, Halococcus etc.
A

type 5 AB cell wall

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82
Q

enable the cell to survive
and multiply
– essential structures
– “optional” structures

A

Prokaryotic Cell Structure

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83
Q

have important
consequences for human
health

A

Prokaryotic Cell Structure

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84
Q

important in identifying
bacteria

A

Prokaryotic Cell Structure

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85
Q
  • Examination of a bacterial cell reveals
    components of structures
  • Some external to cell wall
  • Others internal to cell wall
A

Structure of a Bacterial Cell
(Bacterial Anatomy)

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86
Q
  • It is a thin layer lining the inner surface of the cell wall.
  • Semipermeable membrane controlling the flow of metabolites
  • Chemically, consists of Lipoprotein and carbohydrates. Sterols are absent
A

Cell Membrane (bacterial cell)

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87
Q
  • structure the same with other biological membranes
  • about __nm thick
    *______% phospholipid + _____ % protein
  • fluid-mosaic model
  • no sterols (Archaea and Bacteria), with ________ (Bacteria)
A

Cell Membrane (Bacterial cell)
-8
-40%
-60%
-hopanoids

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88
Q
  • members of Bacteria and Archaea have the same general
    structure of their cytoplasmic membranes, but the lipid
    compositions are distinctly different
A

Cell Membrane (bacterial cell)

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89
Q

– the glycerol used to make archaeal phospholipids is a stereoisomer of the
glycerol used to build bacterial and eukaryotic membranes

A

chirality of glycerol

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90
Q

Differences between bacterial and archaeal phospholipids:
CG
SC
L
BSC

A
  • chirality of glycerol
  • linkage
  • side chains
  • branching of side chains
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91
Q

linkage

A

ester- D-glycerol
vs.
ether linkage- L-glycerol

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92
Q

branched tail

A

ether linkage

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93
Q

unbranched tails

A

ester linkage

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94
Q

side chains

A

(fatty acids -unbranched
vs.
isoprenoid chains- branched)

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95
Q

– different physical structures; can form carbon rings

A

branching of side chains

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96
Q

in some species, the opposing phospholipid
tails are joined into a single tail, forming a monolayer

A

stabilize the membrane at high temperatures

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97
Q

lipid bilayer

A

bacteria and eukaryotes

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98
Q

lipid monolayer

A

some archae

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99
Q

embedded in or loosely attached to the cell membrane

A

Cell Membrane Proteins

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100
Q

Cell Membrane Proteins
C
C
R
R
E

A

-channel
-carrier
-recognition
- receptor
-enzymatic

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101
Q

Prokaryotic Cell membrane
Functions

A
  • permeability barrier
  • regulate movement of materials into and out of cell
  • contains proteins that transport nutrients into the cells
    and eliminate waste materials
  • synthesizes cell wall components
  • assist with DNA replication (anchors DNA)
  • secretes proteins
  • carries on cell respiration (ATP synthesis)
  • contains bases of flagella
  • proteins respond to chemical substances in the
    environment
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102
Q

– small molecules like water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and
hydrophobic molecules can move freely (simple diffusion)
– large or charged molecules like proteins, sugars, and ions
can not (specific membrane proteins)

A
  • selectively permeable
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103
Q
  • semifluid substance inside the cell membrane
  • 4/5 water + 1/5 dissolved substances (enzymes, proteins,
    carbohydrates, lipids, salts, vitamins and various inorganic
    ions)
  • where chemical reactions take place
A

Cytoplasm

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104
Q
  • Colloidal system of variety of organic
    and inorganic solutes in viscous watery
    solution
  • No ER and Mitochondria
  • Contains mesosomes, inclusions, and
    vacuoles
A

Cytoplasm

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105
Q
  • Vesicular, convoluted invaginations of the
    plasma membrane
  • Prominent in GM+ bacteria
  • Principal sites of Respiratory enzymes
  • Analogous to mitochondria in Eukaryotes
A

Mesosomes

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106
Q
  • Formed by extensions of the cell
    membrane into the cell.
  • Help in respiration and secretion
    processes.
  • Help to increase the surface area
    of cell membrane as a result
    increases the enzymatic content
    of the cell.
A

MESOSOMES

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107
Q
  • chromosome region
  • gel-like region containing the chromosomes and
    plasmids
A

nucleod

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108
Q

can be seen as an invagination of the cell membrane. it is made up of similar structural components.

A

mesosomes

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109
Q
  • single, circular, double-stranded
    DNA molecule that contains all
    genetic information required by a
    cell
  • 1 mm long
  • 10% of cell’s total volume
    – supercoiled chromosomal DNA
A

chromosomes

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110
Q

complexed with proteins
resembling histone proteins

A

*Archaea chromosome

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111
Q

width of Dna Fiber

A

250 nm

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112
Q

coil length

A

300 nm

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113
Q

histone size

A

11nm

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114
Q

coiles histone diameter

A

30 nm

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115
Q

dna double helix diameter

A

2 nm

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116
Q

chromosome size

A

1400 nm`

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117
Q

supercoil length

A

700 nm

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118
Q
  • accessory genetic information
  • circular, supercoiled, double stranded DNA molecules
  • 0.1 – 10% of chromosome size
  • contains hundreds of genes (5-100 genes)
A

Plasmids

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119
Q
  • can be of many types per cell
  • not required but may provide bacteria
    with genetic advantage
  • may contain genes for antibiotic resistance
    (R), disease production
  • can be transferred and spread to other
    bacterial cells
  • replicate independently from chromosome
A

plasmids

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120
Q
  • consist of ribonucleic acid (rRNA) and
    protein (ribosomal protein)
  • <20,000
  • nearly spherical, stain densely, and contain a
    large and small subunits
A

ribosomes

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121
Q

2.56x10^6 D

A

70s (ribosomes)

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122
Q

0.93x10^6 D

A

30s (subunits)

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123
Q

1.59x10^6 D

A

50s (subunits)

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124
Q

16s RNA (30s)

A

1542 nucleotides

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125
Q

23s RNA(50s)

A

2904 nucleotides

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126
Q

30s proteins

A

21 proteins

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127
Q

50s proteins

A

31 proteins

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128
Q
  • sites for protein synthesis
    – protein –_____ % of bacterial cell dry weight
    – _____ % of cell energy is for protein synthesis
  • the faster the cell is growing, the faster proteins are produced, the greater the number of ribosomes
  • site for antibiotic action_______
A

ribosomes
-50%
-90%

-(streptomycin and
tetracycline)

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129
Q

prokaryotic ribosome

A

70s

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130
Q

70s RNAs

A

5s RNA
23s RNA
16s RNA

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131
Q

eukaryotic ribosome

A

80s

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132
Q

80s subunits

A

60s
40s

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133
Q

80s RNAs

A

5s RNA
5.8s RNA
28S RNA
18s RNA

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134
Q

– Chromatophores/ chlorosomes – contain the
pigments used to capture light energy for
synthesis of sugars

A

phototosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria

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135
Q

– convert nitrogen compounds into plant-useable
form
– house the enzymes used in deriving energy from
oxidation of nitrogen compounds

A
  • nitrifying bacteria
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136
Q
  • phototosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria
  • nitrifying bacteria
A

Internal Membrane Systems

137
Q
  • variety of small bodies within
    the cytoplasm
  • storage of materials that are
    later use as source of nutrients
  • reservoir of structural building
    blocks
  • granules; vesicles
A

Inclusion Bodies

138
Q

– intracellular small storage bodies
– vary in size, number, and content
– bacterial cell can use them when environmental
sources are depleted
– i.e. glycogen, poly b-hydroxybutyrate, gas vesicles
for floating, sulfur and phosphate granules
(metachromatic granules), particles of iron oxide

A

Granules and vesicles

139
Q

accumulations of high molecular weight polymers
synthesized from a nutrient in excess

A

Storage Granules

140
Q

Storage Granules contain specific substances densely compacted that do not dissolve in
cytoplasm

Fly
Vol
Str fr ele sf
Mag

A

– glycogen
– volutin granules/polyphosphate granules
(metachromatic granules)
– others: storage for elemental sulfur, magnetosomes

141
Q

stored glucose polymer; carbon and energy
source

A

glycogen

142
Q

stored phosphate

A

volutin granules/polyphosphate granules
(metachromatic granules)

143
Q
  • small, rigid protein-bound compartments that provide buoyancy to the cell
  • 300-1000 nm x 45-120 nm
  • aquatic, photosynthetic bacteria; cyanobacteria
A

Gas Vesicles (vacuoles)

144
Q
  • Maintaining the cell’s characteristic shape-
  • Countering the effects of osmotic pressure
  • Important role in cell division
  • Providing attachment sites for bacteriophages
  • Providing a rigid platform for surface appendages
  • Be the sites of major antigenic determinants of the cell surface。
  • Resistance to Antibiotics
A

function of cell wall

145
Q

the rigid wall
compensates for the flexibility of the phospholipid membrane and
keeps the cell from assuming a spherical shape

A

Maintaining the cell’s characteristic shape

146
Q

(type of virus that
infects bacteria. It literally means “bacteria eater,” because
bacteriophages destroy their host cells)

A

bacteriophages

147
Q

sphere, 1μm

A

cocci

148
Q

rods , 0.5-1 μm in width -3 μm in
length

A

Bacilli:

149
Q

curved forms, 1~3 μm in length and 0.3-0.6
μm in width

A

Spiral bacteria
spirillum/ spirochetes

150
Q

cocci in pairs

A

diplococci

151
Q

coffee- bean shape in pairs cocci

A

Neisseriae

152
Q

cocci in packets of 4

A

Tetrads

153
Q

cocci in packets of 8,16,32 cells

A

Sarcinae

154
Q

cocci in chains

A

streptococci

155
Q

large cocci in irregular cluster

A

Micrococci and Staphylococci

156
Q

small rod coccus

A

coccobacilli

157
Q

long thin rod shape

A

mycobacteria

158
Q

palisades arrangement

A

Corynebacteria

159
Q

spore like bacteria

A

spore-forming rods

160
Q

mold-like, filamentous bacteia

A

streptomycetes

161
Q

curved rods

A

Vibrios

162
Q

small curved length with hairs end tail

A

spirilla

163
Q

long curved bacteria

A

spirochetes

164
Q

 protects cell from mechanical damage
(rigidity)

 helps cell withstand pressure and prevents it from osmotic rupture or lysis

A

Essential for bacterial viability

165
Q

no net movement of water

A

isotonic solution

166
Q

water moves into the cell and may cause the cell to burst if the wall is weak or damaged (osmotic lysis)

A

Hypotonic solution

167
Q

water moves out of the cell causing cytoplasm to shrink ( plasmolysis)

A

Hypertonic solution

168
Q

provides structural integrity to the
cell.

A

Bacterial cell wall

169
Q

The bacterial cell wall differs from that of all other
organisms by the presence of

A

Peptidoglycan.

170
Q

Peptidoglycan (Mucopeptide) is composed of
alternating chains of

A
  • N -Acetyl Glucosamine and N-Acetyl Muramic
    Acid, which is cross linked by Peptide chains
171
Q

is responsible
for the rigidity of the
bacterial cell wall and for
the determination of cell
shape

A

Peptidoglycan

172
Q

Based on the composition of
cell wall & Staining
bacteria are classified into

A

“Gram positive” and “Gram Negative”

173
Q
  • peptide + glycan
  • murein
  • macromolecule found only in bacteria
  • molecules of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) alternate with
    molecules of N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) crosslinked by
    peptides
  • structure varies in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
A

Peptidoglycan

174
Q
  • NAG and NAM subunits are covalently joined to
    one another to form a glycan chain
  • high molecular weight linear chain
  • serves as backbone of the peptidoglycan molecule
A

B-1-4-glycosidic bond

175
Q

polysaccharide chains ( the glycan portion)

A

NAG

176
Q

pept protion

A

peptide cross link

177
Q

tetrapeptide
L-ala
D-glu
MDA
D-ala

A

L-alanine
D-glutamic acid
Meso Diaminopimelic acid
D-alanine

178
Q

Pentapeptide
L-ala
D-glu
MDA
Two D-ala

A

L-Alanine
D- glutamic acid
Meso Diaminopimelic acid
2D- Alanine

179
Q

different bacterial species, different amino
acid composition

A

Tetrapeptide

180
Q
  • The______is characterized
    by the presence of a very thick peptidoglycan
    layer (≈30 layers)
  • 20-80 nm thick
  • Cell wall contains 90% Peptidoglycan and
    10%Teichoic acid
  • fully permeable to many substances (sugars, amino acids, ions)
A
  • gram-positive cell wall
181
Q
  • anionic glycopolymers
  • These polymers play crucial roles in cell shape determination, regulation of cell division, and other fundamental aspects of Gram-
    positive bacterial physiology.
A

gram-positive cell wall

182
Q

Interwoven in the cell wall of Gram-positive are

A

Teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids (covalently bonded to NAM)

183
Q

composed of polymers of glycerol,
phosphates, and the sugar alcohol- ribitol.

A

Teichoic acids

184
Q

-contains a thin
peptidoglycan layer adjacent to the
cytoplasmic membrane
-also contains an additional outer membrane composed by phospholipids and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which face into the external environment and periplasmic space

A

Gram Negative Cell Wall

185
Q
  • a bilayer membrane
  • composed of phospholipids,
    polysaccharides, and proteins
  • contains lipopolysaccharide
    (LPS)
  • attached to the peptidoglycan by
    almost continuous layer of
    lipoproteins
A

Outer Membrane

186
Q

embedded in the
outer membrane and
covalently bonded to the
peptidoglycan

A

liporoteins

187
Q

“coarse sieve”
* barrier to passage of most molecules
* excludes compounds that are damaging to cell
* has porins
* secretion systems

A

Outer Membrane

188
Q

– specialized channel-forming proteins
– channels for low molecular weight substances

A

porins

189
Q

– translocate proteins produced to the
outside of outer membrane

A

secetion system

190
Q

The LPS (in outer membrane) present on the Gram
negative cell wall consists of 3 regions:

A
  • Polysaccharide determining O antigen
  • Core Polysaccharide
  • Glycolipid portion /Lipid A
191
Q

causes a form of Septic shock for which there is no
direct treatment.

A

LPS or endotoxin

192
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) PARTS

A
  • Lipid A – responsible for toxic properties of G-
    bacteria (endotoxin)
  • O-specific polysaccharide (O-antigen)
193
Q

– anchors the LPS in the bilayer
– composition recognizable by body as
presence of invading bacteria
– small amounts may elicit defense system
response enough to effectively eliminate the
pathogen

A

Lipid A – responsible for toxic properties of G-
bacteria (endotoxin)

194
Q

– side chain portion of LPS directed away from
the membrane
– chains of sugar molecules with varying
composition and lengths
– used to identify certain species or strains
– i.e. E. coli O157:H7

A

O-specific polysaccharide (O-antigen)

195
Q
  • most observed among G- bacteria, rarely in G+ bacteria
  • gel-like fluid (periplasm) and protein-filled (secreted proteins)
  • very active area of cell metabolism (i.e. nutrient degradation and transport)
  • contains digestive enzymes and transport proteins
A

Periplasmic Space

196
Q

(destroy potentially harmful
substances

A

digestive enzymes

197
Q

(transport metabolites into the
bacterial cytoplasm)

A

transport proteins

198
Q

In Streptococcus pneumoniae (Gram positive) Teichoic acid bears the antigenic determinants called

A

“Forssman antigen”

199
Q

constitute for the major surface antigens.

A

Teichoic acids

200
Q

one of the most important sites for attack by antibiotics

A
  • penicillin
  • compounds that interfere with the synthesis of
    peptidoglycan or alters its structural integrity
201
Q

compounds that interfere with the synthesis of
peptidoglycan or alters its structural integrity

A

– penicillin
– enzyme lysozyme

202
Q

– interfere with peptidoglycan synthesis
– binds to proteins involved in cell wall synthesis
– prevents cross-linking of glycan chains
– more effective against G+ bacteria
– modified to create derivatives that can pass through
porin channels

A

penicillin

203
Q

– found in many body fluids
– breaks bond between the NAM and NAG molecules

A

lysozyme

204
Q

Targeting the Peptidoglycan

A

lysozyme

205
Q

thickness of peptidoglycan in gram-positive and gram-negative

A

G-P _ 16-80 nm
G-N_ 2nm

206
Q

retain dye color and dark

A

gram-positive

207
Q

can be decolorized

A

Gram- Negative

208
Q

LONG PPT

A

Lipopolysaccharide
Outer membrane
Negative
Gram

Positive
Peptidoglycan (thick)
Teichoic acid

209
Q

The Gram staining method, named
after the Danish bacteriologist who
originally devised it in 1882
(published 1884)

A

Hans Christian
Gram

210
Q

is one of the most important
staining techniques in microbiology.

A

Hans Christian
Gram

211
Q
  • most frequently used differential stain
  • devised by Hans Christian Gram in 1884
A

Gram Stain

212
Q

primary stain

A

crystal violet

213
Q

mordant

A

iodine

214
Q

95% ethanol

A

decolorizer

215
Q

counterstain

A

safranin –

216
Q

all bacteria will be stain

A

bluish or bluish purple

217
Q

stain will be fixed due to formation of a complex of

A

crystal violet and KI (mordant)

218
Q

destaining will be done by

A

water and alcohol

219
Q
  • Mycoplasma species
  • variable shape
  • have sterols in their cell membranes (stability)
A

Cell Wall-Less Bacteria

220
Q

cell wall appendages

A

Glycocalyx
S-layer
Flagella
Fimbriae
Pilli

221
Q

capsule
slime layer
-is a general term for any network of
polysaccharide (and small proteins) lying outside the
cell

A

Glycocalyx

222
Q

less discrete structure or matrix which
embeds the cell ; diffuse and irregular

A

slime layer

223
Q

discrete detectable layer of
polysaccharides deposited outside the cell wall; distinct and gelatinous (thicker and more rigid)

A

capsule (true capsule)

224
Q

consists largely of water an content of solids 2%

A

capsule and slime layer

225
Q

in most species, the solid material is
in some

A

complex polysaccharide
polypeptide or protein

226
Q

There are two types of Glycocalyx

A

capsule
slime layer

227
Q

When glycocalyx is tightly bound to the cell wall of
bacteria, it is referred to as _____. It is gelatinous in nature and cannot be easily stained and removed from the bacterial cell wall

A

CAPSULE

228
Q

The glycocalyx is called “_____ if it is loosely bound to the cell wall of bacteria. ____is irregular and can easily be removed from the bacterial cell wall.

A

SLIME LAYER

229
Q

Functions of Capsules

A
  • Antiphagocytic,thus contribute “Virulence”.
  • protects against “Lysozyme”
  • Promote attachment of bacteria to surface
    (e.g. Streptococcus mutans)
  • Permits bacteria to adhere to Medical
    Implants & Catheters.
  • helps trap nutrients near the cell
  • protect soil bacteria from desiccation
  • reserves of carbohydrates
  • mediate adherence of cells to surfaces
  • protect bacterial cells from engulfment
  • capsules protect soil bacteria from desiccation
  • when overproduced may become reserves of
    carbohydrate
  • helps trap nutrients near the cell
  • bind cells together and float themselves as colonial
    masses in their environments
230
Q

Functions of Glycocalyx

A

Disease:
Protection:
Adherence to surfaces:
Avoidance of desication:
In cell-cell recognition:

231
Q

Functions of Glycocalyx

A

Disease:
Protection:
Adherence to surfaces:
Avoidance of desiccation:
In cell-cell recognition:

232
Q

It is a virulence factor in most bacteria, and it contributes to their ability to cause diseases in their host.

A

disease

233
Q

Glycocalyx protects bacteria from antibiotics, chemicals and against the lytic and phagocytic activities of host’s white blood cells.

A

protection

234
Q

The sticky nature of the glycocalyx enables
bacteria to attach themselves firmly to the surface of their host. Streptococcus mutans, the causal agent of tooth decay adheres to the surface of decaying teeth with the help of glycocalyx.

A

Adherence to surfaces

235
Q

Glycocalyx (especially capsule) contains
water as its constituent. This help to prevent dryness of the bacterial cell.

A

Avoidance of desiccation

236
Q

The glycocalyx carries receptors on their
surface that allows them to bind to other cells of close species.

A

In cell-cell recognition

237
Q

The slime layer of Gram+ ______allows it to accumulate on tooth enamel and one of the causes of cavities.

A

Streptococcus

238
Q
  • some enables bacteria to adhere to specific surfaces and grow as a BIOFILM
  • prevents host defense mechanism from destroying the
    bacteria (i.e. Streptococcus pneumoniae)
  • only some bacteria and some members of a species are
    capable of producing capsule (i.e. Bacillus anthracis)
A

Capsule and Slime Layer

239
Q

polysaccharide-encased mass of bacteria coating a surface
(i.e. Streptococcus mutans and dental plaque)

A

Biofilm

240
Q

-Forms a biofilm of 300-500
cells in thickness (10μm)
-Cleaves sucrose to glucose
and fructose
-Production of dextran or lactic
acid within the biofilm

A

Dental plaque by
Streptococcus mutans

241
Q
  • is a sharply defined, organized structure
    (e.g.: Pneumococcus)
    Colorless capsule surrounding the
    bacterial cell
  • Most bacterial capsules
    are composed of
    Polysaccharides
    e.g.: Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • A few capsules are
    Polypeptides
    e.g.: Bacillus anthracis
A

capsule

242
Q

unencapsulated S. pneumoniae are harmless

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

243
Q

-Some bacterial species are
mobile and possess
locomotory organelles
-consist of
a number of proteins
including flagellin

A

Flagella

244
Q

The diameter of a flagellum
is thin

A

20 nm, and long with
some having a length 10
times the diameter of cell.

245
Q

*helical; corkscrew-shaped
*10-20 μm long and 10-20 nm thick and come in a number of distinct arrangements
* responsible for bacterial motility/locomotion (pushes
bacterium through liquid)
* spins like a propeller (rotates both clockwise and
counterclockwise)
* uses proton motive force as energy (1000 protons per
movement)
* Rotation: >1500 rpm; Rate: 10 body
lengths/second

A

flagella

246
Q
  • Unbranched, long, filaments, made up of protein “Flagellin”
  • Organs of locomotion
  • Found in all motile bacteria except Spirochetes
  • Flagella are highly antigenic,
  • Termed as the ‘H’ Antigen.
  • Some of the immune responses are directed against these
    proteins.
A

flagella

247
Q
  • may be important in the ability of an
    organism to cause disease (i.e. Helicobacter
    pylori have powerful multiple flagella)
A

Flagella

248
Q

Structure and Arrangement
of Flagella
* has three basic parts

A

– filament (flagellin)
– basal body (motor)
– hook

249
Q

twisted but with hollow core

A

filament

250
Q

anchored in cell membrane and cell wall;
rings and rod

A

basal body

251
Q

wide region at the base
of flagella; connects the two
parts

A

hook

252
Q

bacteria that have the powerful multiple flagella

A

helicobacter pylori

253
Q

type of flagellar arrangement
M L A P A

A

polar/monotrichous
Lophotrichous
Amphitrichous
Peritrichous
Amphilophotrichous

254
Q

Single flagellum at one pole

A

polar/Monotrichous

255
Q

Tuft of flagela at one pole
- spirillum

A

Lophotrichous

256
Q

flagella at both poles
-Alkaligenes faecalis

A

Amphitrichous

257
Q

Flagella all over
- E.Coli
-Salmonella
-Bacillus spp.

A

peritrichous

258
Q

tuft of flagella at both ends

A

Amphilophotrichous

259
Q

Kinds of Motility:
DM
TM
CSM
SM
SeM

A
  • Darting motility :
    V.cholerae
  • Tumbling motility:
    L.monocyctogenes
  • Cork &screw motility:
    T.pallidum
  • Stately motile :
    Clostridium spp.
  • Serpentine motility:
    Salmonella
    (Except
    S.gallonarum pullorum)
260
Q

bacterial behavior in seeking out favorable
environments and avoiding harmful ones

A

Taxis

261
Q

types of Taxis

A
  • chemotaxis
  • aerotaxis
  • phototaxis
  • magnetotaxis
262
Q

– sense chemicals and move toward regions that contain more nutrients (attractant) and away from regions with toxic materials (repellant)

A

chemotaxis

263
Q

– swim to regions that contain favorable concentrations of dissolved oxygen

A

aerotaxis

264
Q

– movement to regions of optimal light intensity and quality

A

phototaxis

265
Q

– response to Earth’s magnetic field

A

magnetotaxis

266
Q

_________ of a monotrichous polar flagellum pushes the cell forward with the flagellum trailing behind, much like a corkscrew moving inside cork.

A

Counterclockwise rotation

267
Q

Flagella are _______ and bundle and rotate together only when rotating counterclockwise.

A

Left-handed helices

268
Q

When some of the rotors reverse direction, the flagella unwind and the
cell starts______________________________________

A

“tumbling”.

269
Q

Even if all flagella would rotate clockwise, they likely _____

A

will not form a bundle.

270
Q

may happen occasionally,
leading to the cell seemingly thrashing
about in place, resulting in the reorientation of the cell.

A

Tumbling

271
Q

Detection of motility and presence of Flagella:

A
  • Direct observation by hanging drop method
  • Dark field microscopy
  • Motility media (such as Sulfide Indole Motility Media)
  • Flagellar staining
  • Electron microscopy
  • Immunological detection of “H” antigen
272
Q
  • tiny, hollow projections not involved in movement
  • shorter, thinner, and straighter than flagella
A

pili

273
Q

– helical structure around a central hollow core

A

pili protein

274
Q
  • two types of pili
A

– attachment pili (fimbriae)
* with adhesins
– conjugation pili/ sex pili/ F pili
* longer than attachment pili
* DNA transfer from one cell to another

275
Q
  • Hair like surface appendages
  • 0.5-10 nm thick
  • Shorter and thinner than flagella
  • Formed of protein subunits – Pilin
A

Fimbriae

276
Q

Special type of Fimbriae

A

Sex Pili

277
Q

Clumping of RBCs
(Escherichia, Klebsiella)

A

Hemagglutination

278
Q
  • helps bacteria to adhere to surfaces (interface), to
    other bacteria, or to other cells
    – contains adhesin proteins
  • contributes to the pathogenicity by enhancing
    colonization and attachment on cell surfaces (i.e.
    Escherichia coli and diarrhea)
  • some species produce different types of fimbriae i.e. Neiserria gonorrheae on urogenital tract
A

Fimbriae

279
Q
  • similar in structure to fimbriae but are generally longer
  • one or few per cell
  • functions in gene transfer
  • may serve as specific receptors for certain types ofvirus particles
  • some are involved in attachment to human tissues
A

Conjugation Pilus

280
Q
  • resting (dormant) stages of vegetative cells of some bacterial species (Bacillus and Clostridium)
  • very resistant to heat and harmful agents (drying, cold, radiation, acids, bases, chemical disinfectants)
  • produced through sporulation
  • spores may remain dormant for 100 years
A

Endospores (SPORES)

281
Q

are protection for bacterial genome
not a form of production , only one new cell germinates from each spore
can be found in bacillus and clostridium

A

Endospore

282
Q
  • Dormant cell
  • Resistant to adverse
    conditions
  • high temperatures
  • organic solvents
  • Produced when starved
  • Contain calcium
    dipicolinate
    DPA, Dipicolinic acid
A

Endospores
(spores)

283
Q

⚫ Identification of
Bacteria
⚫ Pathogenesis
⚫ Resistance

A

Endospore

284
Q

endospore contains

A

core, cortex, spore coat, exosporium (some)

285
Q

– thin, delicate covering made of protein

A

exposporium

286
Q

– composed of spore-specific proteins
– “sieve”
– excludes substances such as lysozyme

A

spore coat

287
Q

– loosely cross-linked peptidoglyan
– maintains core in a dehydrated state
– protects core from effects of heat

A

cortex

288
Q

– has small, acid-soluble proteins that bind DNA
– contains the core wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, etc.
– rich in _____ and calcium ions; partially dehydrated (10-30% water)
-contains core-specific proteins (small acid-soluble spore proteins)

A

core (spore protoplast)
‘dipicolinic acid’

289
Q

contains core-specific proteins (small acid-soluble spore proteins)

A
  • bind tightly to core DNA and protect it from UV radiation, dessication, dry heat
  • carbon and energy source during germination
290
Q

metabolically inactive

A

Core

291
Q

Location important in classification of endospore

A

– central, subterminal, terminal

292
Q

– Used for quality control of heat
sterilization equipment

A

Bacillus stearothermophilus spores

293
Q

Used in biological warfare

A

Bacillus anthracis spores

294
Q

position of spores
nonbulging
SC
OC
OS
bulging
OS
OT
ST

A

NONBULGING
spherical central
Oval central
Oval Subterminal
BULGING
Oval Subterminal
Oval terminal
Spherical terminal

295
Q
  • complex, yet highly ordered sequence of changes that
    initiates when cells are grown in low amounts of carbon or
    nitrogen
  • ≈8 hours
A

sporulation

296
Q

triggered by brief exposure to heat or certain chemicals

A

Germination

297
Q

s differential staining technique is used to distinguish between the vegetative cells and the endospore.

A

the endospore staining

298
Q

the procedure of staining was designed by on 1930’s also kknown as Wirtz-Conklin method

A

Alice B. Schaeffer and Mc Donald Fulton

299
Q

contains genetic material

A

nucleus

300
Q

this is the outer membrane

A

pellicle

301
Q

many protoa can ingest small food particle

A

food particle

301
Q

many protoa can ingest small food particle

A

food particle

302
Q

this structure makes and transfer poteins

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

303
Q

produce energy needed by the cell to function

A

Mitochondria

304
Q

contains dissolve food and chemicals for addition waste products

A

cytoplasm

305
Q

-produce energy needed by the cell to function
-envelopes the cell; fxns
as the locomotor apparatus for the procurement & ingestion of food, in respiration, discharge of metabolic wastes & protection of the org.

A

Ectoplasm

306
Q

-and an inner, more watery grainy
mass containing structures called organelles.
-food synthesis takes place; & food is stored in the
form of glycogen or protein called
chromatoidal bodies.

A

endoplasm

307
Q
  • locomotory organelles arising from the ectoplasm may vary from:
A

a) Cilia
b) Pseudopodia
c) Flagella

308
Q

in Ciliates; numerous short threads distributed over the surface of the body.

A

cilia

309
Q

false feet; in Amoebae
(crawling movement)

A

Pseudopodia

310
Q

in flagellates; hair-like projections

A

Flagella

311
Q

Absorb liquid nutrients from the medium or ingest bacteria & cells at any site of the body surface.

A

Protozoan

312
Q

Others have specialized cell mouth.
-located in anterior end of
the body.

A

CYTOSTOME

313
Q
  • Ciliates have in addition a cell anus at the posterior end of the body & through which particulate food wastes are discharged.
A

CYTOPYGE

314
Q

-The typical life stages of protozoans:

A

Cyst
Trophozoite

315
Q

The small productive nucleus of ciliate protozoa
smaller nucleus
less amount of DNA
responsible for reproduction for macronucleus
diploid
germline genome
silent

A

Micronucleus

316
Q

large non-reproductive nucleus of ciliate protozoa
large nucleus
higher amount of DNA
responsible of normal activity and functioning oforganism
polyploid
somatic genome
active

A

macronucleus

317
Q

are vegetative or feeding
forms

A

Trophozoites

318
Q

A more or less central body in the vesicular nucleus of certain protozoa (for example, trypanosomes, parasitic
amebae), with the chromatin.

A

endosome/karyosome

319
Q

-Usually the infective stage
- highly resistant

A

Cysts – non-motile

320
Q

move by the help of flagella
the movement is whip like

A

flagellates

321
Q

examples of flagellates

A

trypnosoma, leishmenia (blod pathogen)
giardia (INTESTINAL PARASITE)
Trichomonas ( reproductive tract pathogen)

322
Q

Characteristic features of the stained trophozoite include:

A

1) two nuclei (Nu) with central karyosomes (k),
2) fibrils running the length of the parasite –axonemes (Ax), and
3) Median Bodies (MB)/ Parabasal bodies

323
Q

are not known, but most believe they are somehow involved with the adhesive disk and its formation.

A

median bodies

324
Q

found in south and central america,
kidney-shaped macronucleus .reproduction by binary fission.

A

Balintidium Coli

325
Q

found in south and central america,
kidney-shaped macronucleus .reproduction by binary fission.

A

Balintidium Coli

326
Q

an be single celled or very complex multicellular organisms.

They are found in just about any habitat but most live on the land, mainly in soil or on plant material
rather than in sea or fresh water.

A

Fungi

327
Q

Fungi are subdivided on the basis of their life cycles, the presence or structure of their fruiting body and the arrangement of and type of spores __________they produce.

A

(reproductive or distributional cells)

328
Q

The three major groups of fungi are:

A
  • multicellular filamentous molds
  • macroscopic filamentous fungi that form large fruiting bodies. Sometimes the group is referred to as ‘mushrooms’, but the mushroom is just the part of the fungus we see above ground
    which is also known as the fruiting body.
  • single celled microscopic yeasts
329
Q

structure that help fungi absorb and digest food

A

Hyphae
mycelium

330
Q

body of typical fungus , consisting many tiny tubes

A

Hyphae

331
Q

Hyphae tangled into a thick mass

A

Mycelium

332
Q

is also known as Penicillium notatum,

the first Penicillium fungi
used for the isolation of penicillin antibiotics, which is used for the treatment of Gram-positive
bacteria. It is also used in the production of other β-lactam antibiotics.

A

Penicillium chrysogenum

333
Q

Unicellular Fungi
eukaryotic
facultative anaerobes
capable of making colonies on culture media
occur worldwide
over 1,500 species described

A

yeast

334
Q

protective shell of virus

A

capsid

335
Q

made of many identical protein subunits
protect the genetic material
symmetrically oraganized
50% weight

A

virus

336
Q

a lipid -containing membrane that surrounds some virus particles
outside capsid
required for viral maturation

A

Envelope

337
Q

helical-
polyhedral-
spherical-
complex-

A

tobacco mosaic model
adenovirus
influenza
bacteriophage

BIO103 (2 decks)

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