Anatomy Unit 1 Concept 2

Question 1

stability of internal environment and the mechanisms that maintain the stability

Answer 1

Homeostasis

Question 2

sensory organ that receives the stimulus

Answer 2

receptor

Question 3

an action that evokes a response

Answer 3

stimulus

Question 4

an organ that does the response

Answer 4

effector

Question 5

the effect, caused by the stimulus

Answer 5

response

Question 6

output of a process is used as an input to control the behavior of the process itself, usually leading to inhibition of the process

Answer 6

Feedback inhibition

Question 7

requires no extra energy as molecules move down the conentration gradient

Answer 7

Passive Transport

Question 8

requires extra energy to move molecules against the concentration gradient

Answer 8

Active Transport

Question 9

water concentration is lower than the cells cytoplasm

Answer 9

Hypertonic Solution

Question 10

water concentration is higher that the cells cytoplasm

Answer 10

Hypotonic Solution

Question 11

Identical water concentration to cell’s cytoplasm

Answer 11

Isotonic Solution

Question 12

molecules that bind to other molecules for signaling purposes

Answer 12

Ligands

Question 13

A sequence of events initiated by a signal that leads to a cellular response

Answer 13

Signal Transduction

Question 14

blocks the ligand to prevent communication

Answer 14

Inhibitor

Question 15

the passing along of the signal until the desired response is reached

Answer 15

Transduction

Question 16

addition of phosphate groups by kinases

Answer 16

Phosphorylation

Question 17

removal of phosphate groups by phosphateses

Answer 17

Dephosphorylation

Question 18

A small molecule that serves as an intermediate between the receptor and the cascade of responses after

Answer 18

Second Messenger

Question 19

the rate of loss balances out with the rate of gain (always changing)

Answer 19

Dynamic Equilibrium

Question 20

No change

Answer 20

Static Equilibrium

Question 21

the output of a system intensifies the response

Answer 21

Positive Feedback Loop

Question 22

the output of a system returns to a set point (up or down as needed)

Answer 22

Negative Feedback Loop

Question 23

the spreading of molecules across the membrane until equilibrium is reached

Answer 23

Diffusion

Question 24

a transport protein acts to help the diffusion of molecules that normally couldn’t pass through the cell

Answer 24

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 25

the simple diffusion of water across the cell membrane

Answer 25

Osmosis

Question 26

a cell uses energy to pump molecules across the membrane against the gradient through a protein channel

Answer 26

Molecular Pump

Question 27

uses vesicles to move large particles into the cell

Answer 27

Endocytosis

Question 28

uses vesicles to move large particles out of the cell

Answer 28

Exocytosis

Question 29

allows cells to process information from their environment and communicate to other cells.

Answer 29

Cell Signaling

Question 30

signal that affects the same cell that releases them

Answer 30

Autocrine

Question 31

signal that diffuses to nearby cells

Answer 31

Paracrine

Question 32

signal that requires direct contact between the signaling cell and the receiving cell

Answer 32

Juxtacrine

Question 33

signal that travels to distant cells

Answer 33

Endocrine

Question 34

changes the balance of ion concentration inside and outside of the cell

Answer 34

Opening of Ion channels

Question 35

genes may be switched on(upregulated) or switched off (down regulated)

Answer 35

alterations in gene expression