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Husbandry - Exam > Ancestors > Flashcards

Ancestors Flashcards

1
Q

Ancestor of horse

A

Tarpan horse

- small, dark mouse grey

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2
Q

Ancestor of cattle

A

Auroch

  • large w/ big horns
  • Europe, West Asia, North Africa
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3
Q

Ancestor of sheep

A

8 in total

  • Asian Mouflon (main 1)
  • European Mouflon
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4
Q

Ancestor of goat

A

Bezoar goat

- mountains of Greece, Asia and CR

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5
Q

Ancestor of pig

A

Wild boar

  • European Wild Boar —> Large White
  • Mediterranean Wild Boar (intermediate) —> Mangalica
  • African Wild Boar —> Meishan
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6
Q

Ancestor of hen

A

Red Junglefowl (from jungles of india and malaysia)

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7
Q

Ancestor of turkey

A

Wild turkey

- 1st dom by american indians, brought to Europe by Columbus

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8
Q

Ancestor of ducks

A

-Mallard Duck —> Pekin
-Muscovy Duck —>
Dom Muscovy

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9
Q

Ancestor of geese

A

Greylag goose —> European breeds (e.g Czech goose)

Swan goose —> Asian and African breeds (e.g Chinese goose)

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10
Q

Ancestor of domestic Japanese quail

A

Japanese quail —> Dom Japanese q —> laying type

—>Giant white (meat)

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11
Q

Ontogeny

A

growth and development of an animal from fertilised egg to natural death

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12
Q

development

A
  • genetic predetermination + cellular differentiation
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13
Q

Growth

A
  • increase in size or weight
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14
Q

a Pernatal stage

A
  • zygote formation —> birth
  • mother can help reg unfavourable external effects
  • diff growth intensities in diff phases
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15
Q

A1 blastogenesis phase

A
  • zygote —> nidation of embryo in uterus

- male + female zygote quality imp

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16
Q

A2 Embryotic phase (incubation in birds)

A
  • nidation —> formation of foetus
  • small mammals (50-70%), cattle (20%)
  • differentiation of organs and tissues
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17
Q

A3 fetal phase

A
  • ends w/ parturition
  • foetus rapidly grows
  • mother requires more nutrients
  • maternal effect
  • how size of mother can effect size of young
  • (su 43-47%)
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18
Q

B Postnatal stage

A
  • birth —> natural death

- environment has big imp on growth + development

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19
Q

B1 Colostrum phase

A
  • immediately after parturition
  • col contains high nutrients, min, vits + protective compounds
  • high Mg —> excretion of meconium
  • pigs (2-4 days), cattle (4-6 days)
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20
Q

B2 Milk phase

A
  • finishes w/ weaning
  • protein v imp
  • must become accustomed to solid feed
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21
Q

B3 Solid nutrition phase

A
  • GIT changes to work like adults
  • high growth intensity
  • factors = nutrition, housing + handling
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22
Q

B4 maturity phase

A
  • show urge to mate
  • changes in body shape
  • males produce sperm, females ovulate - birds lay 1st egg

STILL TOO YOUNG TO MATE!

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23
Q

B5 Breeding maturity phase

A
  • manifestation of secondary sexual characteristics

- should reach appropriate sate of physical development + weight

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24
Q

B6 Full Physical maturity phase

A
  • milk teeth —> permanent
  • skeleton fully developed
  • high reproductive + yield
  • factors = species, breed, nutrition + health
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25
Q

B7 Senility + Exitus phase

A
  • loss of strength, skin elasticity, cell H2O content
  • irreversible
  • farmed animals don’t norm reach this stage, only prized breeding stock
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26
Q

Constitution

A
  • health status + resistance to environment + response to stimuli
  • anatomical composition + physiological function
    3 parts
  • Habitus
  • Complexion
  • Temperament
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27
Q

Habitus

A
  • structure of tissues + organs (comp, size + shape)

4 types

  • Respiratory - Digestive
  • Muscular
  • Asthenic
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28
Q

Respiratory Habitus

A
  • development in length and height, not in width
  • everything long + slim
  • high lung + heart capacity, well developed CVS
  • low GIT capacity, small liver
  • e.g racehorses + grey hounds
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29
Q

Digestive Habitus

A
  • deep wide thorax
  • short, wide, muscled head + neck
  • everything wide
  • small lungs + heart
  • thick skin (subcut)
  • v good for fattening, good muscle, fat and skeleton development
  • e.g. beef breeds, meat poultry, etc
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30
Q

Muscular habitus

A
  • well developed muscles + skeleton - wide chest, strong limbs
  • abs + thorax — same line
  • thin skin (subcut), see contours
  • e.g. beef cattle, pit bulls
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31
Q

Asthenic habitus (thin muscle)

A
  • low function of some organs + tissues
  • weak skeleton, narrow chest
  • insufficient muscle
  • e.g. malnutrition, overbreeding, environmental
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32
Q

complexion

A
  • sum of biochemical processes during life + inherited
  • anabolism + catabolism, an/cat ratio
    influenced by
  • endocrine glands (thyroid) - resp organs
  • CVS
  • reticuloendothelial system - hormones
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33
Q

Normal complexion

A
  • ratio balanced

- muscular habitus

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34
Q

Heightened Complexion

A
  • low an/high cat - resp habitus
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35
Q

Lowered Complexion

A
  • lvl of excitability + reaction of NS to external stimuli
  • only inherited
  • affects longevity

5 types

  • Agile
  • Hot
  • Nervous
  • Phlegmatic - Apathetic
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36
Q

Temperament

A
  • high an/low cat

- digestive habitus

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37
Q

Agile Temperament

A
  • agile reaction, response to stimuli matches its intensity

- teachable, reliable workers - adapt well to change

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38
Q

Hot Temperament

A
  • rapid, easily stem reactions
  • conditioned reflexes fast + permanent
  • often heightened composition + resp habitus
  • more often in male
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39
Q

Nervous Temperament

A
  • resp to small stimuli, no inhibition - high performance but tire quickly
  • in overbred, heightened complexion + asthenic habitus
  • UNDESIREABLE
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40
Q

Phlegmatic Temperament

A
  • only respond to strong stimuli, easy to control
  • hard to create conditioned reflexes, but stay long
  • low complexion + digestive habitus
  • fattened animals, poor health
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41
Q

Apathetic

A
  • extreme phlegmatic, hard to control - stubborn
  • cant adapt, unresponsive
  • lowered complexion + digestive habitus
  • castration or sedatives
  • UNDESIREABLE
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42
Q

Strong Constitution

A
  • perfect health + environment resistance
  • harmonic body comp
  • supple medium thick skin
  • perfect formed secondary sex traits, mate freely
  • high performance to old age
  • goal of breeders
43
Q

Dry Constitution

A
  • fine conformation
  • thin skin + hair
  • need suitable environment, high specific performance
  • agile or hot temperament
    —> rest habits + heightened complexion

GOOD HEALTH STATUS REQ

44
Q

Rough Constitution

A
  • rough outlines
  • massive skeleton + muscles - formless head
  • not v supple skin
  • draught horses, beef cattle, meat poultry
45
Q

Poor Constitution

A
  • extreme dry
  • v long + narrow head + chest
  • insufficiently developed muscles
  • v thin skin
  • heightened complexion, nervous temperament, asthenic habitus
  • overbreeding, physiological disorders
    UNDESIREABLE
46
Q

Lymphatic Constitution

A
  • extreme rough
  • heavy set
  • v thick soft skin
  • high amount of lymph, low resistance
  • spongy bone
  • lowest complexion
  • in extreme meat poultry + draught horses
47
Q

Growth Graph

A
  • sigmoid curve

maximum point of growth
= point of inflexion, norm at puberty in mammals

48
Q

ADG

A
  • Average Daily Gain
  • weight gain per day
  • efficient = faster growth at high ADG
49
Q

FCR

A
  • Feed Conversion Ratio
  • body weight gained per unit of feed
  • Su 2.8 kg/kg, Bo 1.8 kg/kg, Ga 1.2 kg/kg
  • low FCR —> low expenses, high profit
50
Q

Process of growth

A
  • change in size + differentiation of cells
  • head develops before chest
    in order of development (tissue)
  • nervous
  • bones
  • muscle
  • fat (perinephric, intermuscular, subcut, intramuscular)
51
Q

Skeleton Development Type 1

A
  • born well developed long legs, less developed shallow trunk
  • long gravidity
  • ungulate animals apart from Su
52
Q

Skeleton Development Type 2

A
  • short legs + body, wide body
  • short gravidity
  • pigs, rodents + carnivores
53
Q 
Skeleton Development Type 1  
#2
A
  • limb and skeleton developed

- Guinea pig

54
Q

Growth of muscle

A

1st Hyperplasia (division) - mostly before birth
2nd Hypertrophy - mostly after birth
- similar fibre size amongst large animals, different number

55
Q

Double muscled

A
  • larger number of fibres, less connective + fat
  • mainly in shoulder, buttock + loin
  • starts in embryonic phase
  • in beef + sheep
56
Q

Oxidative/Red Fibres

A
  • many mitochondria
  • red cytochromes + myoglobin
  • aerobic
  • slow twitch
57
Q

Glycolytic/White Fibres

A
  • low cytochromes + myoglobin
  • anaerobic
  • fast twitch
58
Q

Intermediate fibres

A
  • oxidative + glycolytic capacity

- pink

59
Q

Fat deposition

A
  • adipocytes
  • Bo + Ov more ab less subcut than Su
  • starts in puberty
  • late maturing (limousine) —> leaner
  • castration —> fat females
  • males larger muscle fibres
    —> less juicy
60
Q

Factors of growth

A

1) Nutrition
2) Genotype
3) Age
4) Gender
5) Housing conditions
6) Management systems
7) Welfare + health

61
Q

General carcass characteristics

A
  • organs removed
62
Q

Cattle + Sheep Carcass

A
  • head, feet, tail + internal fat removed

- skinned

63
Q

Pig Carcass

A
  • not skinned, hair removed

- feet, head + kidneys left on

64
Q

Poultry Carcass

A
  • defeathered
  • kidneys left in
  • head, neck + feet cut off
65
Q

Killing Out/Carcass Dressing Percentage

A

carcass weight
——————— x 100 live weight
- meat types have better

66
Q

Good carcass conformation

A
  • thicker, defined muscles
  • same level of fatness
  • preferred by butcher, higher price
  • Pietrain bred for this
67
Q

Carcass merit

A

desirability of a carcass relative to quantity of components (muscle,bone, fat)

68
Q

Cutability

A

percentage of marketable meat

69
Q

Beef quality factors

A
  • breed
  • rearing system
  • nutrition
  • sex
  • age
  • maturity at slaughter
70
Q

Marbling

A
  • fat contributes to juiciness + tenderness

- higher marbling, better eating

71
Q

Sexual maturity

A
  • still growing

- early mating can stop excessive growth intensity

72
Q

Breeding maturity

A
  • manifestation of secondary sexual characteristics and body development
  • females served when reach 60-75% of BW (except pigs)
  • delayed only in slow growers
  • in norm cases —> poor milkers
73
Q

Incubation

A
  • development of embryo w/in egg at constant temp

- laying capacity @ peak in spring

74
Q

Natural selection

A
  • natural pressure from environment
75
Q

Artificial selection

A
  • targeted manipulation of mating and genetic material to get result managed by human
  • usually goes against natural selection
  • mainly imp for quantitative traits influenced by gene pairs
76
Q

Quantitative traits

A
  • no sharp difference between phenotypes
  • e.g. weaning weight, ADG
  • gaussian curve
  • should know how much affected by heredity and how much by environment
77
Q

Heritability

A
  • proportion of differences among animals that is transmitted to offspring
    expressed by heritability coefficient (h2)
  • h2 ranges from 0-1
  • small = 0-0.3 (length of lactation)
  • medium = 0.4-0.5 (ADG)
  • large = 0.6+ (milk protein lvl)
78
Q

Generation interval

A
  • time it takes to replace members of 1 generation of a herd
79
Q

Selection differential

A
  • S
  • the difference btwn the mean performance calculated for the entire herd + the mean performance for the group selected as the parents of future breeding stock
80
Q

Response to selection

A
  • R = h2 x S
81
Q

Purebred animals

A
  • member of a breed that possesses common ancestry + distinctive characteristics
  • supplies genetics (seedstock) to commercial farms
82
Q

EPD

A
  • Expected Progeny Difference

- difference btwn animals progeny performance vs that of the average progeny in the breed

83
Q

EBV

A
  • Estimated Bredding Value

- EPD = 1/2 EBV

84
Q

Methods of purebreeding

A
  • inbreeding
  • line breeding
  • out-crossing
  • out-breeding
85
Q

Crossbreeding

A
  • mating of 2 animals of different breeds
  • majority of commercial livestock producers

2 main advantages

  • Heterosis
  • Breed complementarity
86
Q

Heterosis

A
  • average superiority of crossbred individual over the average of breeds involved in crossing
  • effects tend to be large for traits lowly heritable + small for highly heritable

3 major classes

  • reproductive traits
  • growth traits
  • carcass traits
87
Q

Complementarity

A
  • maximise strengths, minimise weaknesses
88
Q

A Changing crossing

A
  • crossed purposely for permanent change in population
  • new population

3 basic methods

  • Improved crossing
  • Combination crossing - Grading crossing
89
Q

A1 Improved crossing

A
  • female of breed crossed with that of male with higher performance
  • only done in 1 generation of females
  • female progeny mated w/ purebred males of local breed or crossbred males
  • get rapid improvement of traits compared to purebreeding
90
Q

A2 Combination crossing

A
  • aims to form new breed

- 2 or more breeds crossed

91
Q

A3 Grading crossing

A
  • repeated crossing of females + female progenies w/ males of single breed
  • aim to create herd of male breed
92
Q

B Terminal crossing

A
  • specific breed(s) of sire mated to specific breed(s) of dam
  • makes max use of heterosis + breed complementarity
    meat prod - male —> excels in growth + carcass merit
  • female —> superior retrod perf + mothering ability
93
Q

B1 Two breed terminal crossing

A

only used for utility performance, not in reproduction

94
Q

B2 Back terminal crossing

A
  • crossbred female, backcrossed to purebred sire of parental generation
  • used for specific performance not reproduction
95
Q

B3 Three breed terminal crossing

A
  • crossbred progeny, mated with male of 3rd breed

- used only for performance

96
Q

B4 Rotation crossing

A
  • create own replacement females

- uses male of different breed every cycle

97
Q

B5 Two breed rotation crossing

A
  • interchange btwn 2 breeds every cycle
98
Q

B6 Three breed rotation crossing

A
  • Interchange between 3 breeds every cycle
99
Q

C Crossing of different specie (Hybridism)

A
  • sterility differs greatly depending on which species is male and which is female
  • sterility due to different number of chromosomes
100
Q

Mule

A
  • male donkey x female horse
  • easy to keep and large in size - sterile
  • norm bay
  • tougher, better carrying weight
101
Q

Hinny

A
  • male horse x female donkey - small, harder to produce
102
Q

Zebroid

A
  • zebra x equid
  • form of equid w/ zebra stripes
  • hard to handle
  • zeedonk
103
Q

Beefalo

A
  • fertile domestic cattle x american bison (cattalo)
  • low fat meat
  • able to tolerate cold
  • need less assistance calving
104
Q

Mullard

A
  • Peking duck x Muscovy duck - desirable for meat

Husbandry - Exam (4 decks)

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