Animal Nutrition

Question 1

Animals are _____________and must acquire nutrients and energy from their environment.

Answer 1

heterotrophic consumers

Question 2

How must animals eat?

Answer 2

Animals must ingest or absorb food, break it down, and absorb nutrients.

Question 3

_______ even lack digestive systems and absorb nutrients directly from hosts

Answer 3

Flatworms

Question 4

______ are herbivores and eat only plant material

Answer 4

Koalas

Question 5

__________ are carnivores and only eat other animals

Answer 5

Owls

Question 6

_______ and ______ are omnivores and eat nearly anything

Answer 6

Humans, pigs

Question 7

Animals eat to acquire ________ energy, which they can turn into _______ energy. They also eat to obtain essential nutrients.

Answer 7

chemical, cellular

Question 8

Essential nutrients are those chemicals that the ___________________.

Answer 8

organism itself cannot produce

Question 9

____________ are those chemicals that the organism itself cannot produce.

Answer 9

Essential nutrients

Question 10

Examples of essential nutrients are _____________________

Answer 10

essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals.

Question 11

An unbalanced diet that does not contain adequate energy or essential nutrients leads to _____________. Both of which can lead to disease or death of the animal.

Answer 11

dietary deficiencies and undernourishment

Question 12

Food processing by animals involves _______________, __________, _____________, _____________.

Answer 12

ingesting food, breaking down that food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste

Question 13

4 main feeding mechanisms in animals

Answer 13

bulk feeding, filter feeding, substrate feeding, fluid feeding

Question 14

Once ingested, food must be ____ or _____. This may happen via intracellular digestion using food vacuoles and hydrolytic enzymes produced by the cell. We may also have extracellular digestion, where animals have specific compartments for food breakdown followed by cell absorption.

Answer 14

digested, broken down

Question 15

Once ingested, food must be digested or broken down. This may happen via ________________. We may also have extracellular digestion, where animals have specific compartments for food breakdown followed by cell absorption.

Answer 15

intracellular digestion using food vacuoles and hydrolytic enzymes produced by the cell

Question 16

Once ingested, food must be digested or broken down. This may happen via intracellular digestion using food vacuoles and hydrolytic enzymes produced by the cell. We may also have _________________.

Answer 16

extracellular digestion, where animals have specific compartments for food breakdown followed by cell absorption.

Question 17

Animals have a diversity of extracellular digestive compartments. The most simple is the_______________. The GVC is a blind sac with__________________.

Answer 17

gastrovascular cavity(GVC), only one entry and one exit point

Question 18

Most animals have what is termed a ________________________. This means the ______________________. As we look through the animal kingdom, we see increasing specialization of alimentary canals.

Answer 18

tube within a body tube plan, the alimentary canal is external to the organism and serves as the site of extracellular digestion.

Question 19

organs that food directly passes through - ______.

Answer 19

The oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

Question 20

The organs that aid the process are called accessory organs, such as the ______________.

Answer 20

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, gall bladder, and liver.

Question 21

oral cavity

Answer 21

Major site of mechanical digestion aided by teeth, tongue, and hard palate, beginning site of chemical digestion via salivary amylase produced by salivary glands. Food leaving here is referred to as a bolus.

Question 22

Pharynx

Answer 22

Where oral and nasal cavities come together. Food must go down the esophagus and not the trachea. The epiglottis aids with directing food into the esophagus.

Question 23

Esophagus

Answer 23

Food is propelled toward the stomach via a movement called peristalsis.

Question 24

Small intestine: The initial portion of the small intestine, called the ____________, is an active participant in digestion.

Pancreatic enzymes _______________, along with other ________, aid in the continued breakdown of _____, amylase continues the breakdown of __________, nucleases break down __________, and ______ aids in the breakdown of fat.

_____, produced in the ___ and stored in the __________, emulsifies fats for better digestion and absorption later. The latter portions of the small intestine absorb ____.

____________ maximize the surface area.

Fats can be absorbed directly while other nutrients are transported or co-transported into the cells. Fats will be transported away from the cells via _______, and other nutrients will end up in the bloodstream.

Answer 24

duodenum

trypsin and chymotrypsin, peptidases, protein, carbohydrates, nucleic acids. lipase

Bile, liver, gall bladder, nutrients

Villi and microvilli

lacteals

Question 25

Stomach: J-shaped muscular pouch that continues _________ mixing of food and contributes significantly to _________________.

________ is made by the ___________, and the HCl produced by __________ converts it to _________.

Lipid breakdown also begins using _______.

Mucous cells secret mucus to ________________

A _________ (circular muscle) at the top of the stomach prevents ________________ into the esophagus except during _______ (vomiting).

A second sphincter at the bottom of the stomach releases contents to the _______________

Answer 25

mechanical, protein breakdown via HCl and Pepsin.

Pepsinogen, chief cells of the stomach lining, parietal cells, pepsin

lipase

to protect the stomach lining from the very low pH

sphincter, gastric juice and gastric contents from splashing, reverse peristalsis

small intestine about 2 Ts at a time.

Question 26

Large intestine

Answer 26

The large intestine is home to various bacteria that break down waste and synthesize vitamins. The large intestine’s main job is to absorb water and prepare wastes for elimination

Question 27

Rectum

Answer 27

Feces (remaining semi-dehydrated wastes) are stored in the rectum until elimination occurs via the anus. Constipation will occur if too much water is removed from the large intestine. If not enough water is removed, then diarrhea will result.

Question 28

Anus

Answer 28

An internal and external sphincter allows humans to control when elimination happens.

Question 29

Mammals with varying food sources also have _____________.

Answer 29

differences in dentition and jaw structure to optimize ingestion

Question 30

Digestion is controlled short-term by the ______________.For example, you smell chocolate chip cookies baking, begin to salivate, produce gastric juice, and your system readies itself to ingest cookies.

Answer 30

nervous system

Question 31

Digestion is also controlled longer-term and cyclically by __________. You only want to make digestive secretions when needed, or you risk digesting your own tissues; therefore, the presence of food triggers hormonal regulation in many cases.

Answer 31

hormones

Question 32

________________ (3) regulate the production of gastric juices, bile release, and pancreatic enzymes.

Answer 32

Secretin, CCK, and Gastrin

Question 33

Secretin, CCK, and Gastrin regulate the production of ______________.

Answer 33

gastric juices, bile release, and pancreatic enzymes.

Question 34

Stretching the stomach wall in response to food entry stimulates ________________. Gastrin then stimulates the release of ___________. Once food no longer stretches the walls, _________ stops, and so do gastric juices.

As food enters the duodenum of the small intestine, it stimulates the release of Secretin and CCK. These hormones stimulate the gall bladder and pancreas to release bile and pancreatic enzymes.

If the food is fat-rich, secretin and CCK levels are very high and inhibit peristalsis and gastric juice production in the stomach to slow food progression down to allow time for digestion. Thus, fatty meals in humans cause “indigestion” as movement slows.

Answer 34

gastrin release, gastric juices, gastrin

Question 35

Stretching the stomach wall in response to food entry stimulates gastrin release. Gastrin then stimulates the release of gastric juices. Once food no longer stretches the walls, gastrin stops, and so do gastric juices.

As food enters the _______________ of the small intestine, it stimulates the release of___________ which stimulate the gall ____________.

If the food is fat-rich, secretin and CCK levels are very high and inhibit peristalsis and gastric juice production in the stomach to slow food progression down to allow time for digestion. Thus, fatty meals in humans cause “indigestion” as movement slows.

Answer 35

duodenum, Secretin and CCK, bladder and pancreas to release bile and pancreatic enzymes.

Question 36

Stretching the stomach wall in response to food entry stimulates gastrin release. Gastrin then stimulates the release of gastric juices. Once food no longer stretches the walls, gastrin stops, and so do gastric juices.

As food enters the duodenum of the small intestine, it stimulates the release of Secretin and CCK. These hormones stimulate the gall bladder and pancreas to release bile and pancreatic enzymes.

If the food is fat-rich, secretin and CCK levels are very high and inhibit ____________ in the stomach to slow food progression down to allow time for digestion. Thus, fatty meals in humans cause “indigestion” as movement slows.

Answer 36

peristalsis and gastric juice production

Question 37

Secretin, CCK, and Gastrin regulate the production of gastric juices, bile release, and pancreatic enzymes. List the steps

Answer 37

Stretching the stomach wall in response to food entry stimulates gastrin release. Gastrin then stimulates the release of gastric juices. Once food no longer stretches the walls, gastrin stops, and so do gastric juices.

As food enters the duodenum of the small intestine, it stimulates the release of Secretin and CCK. These hormones stimulate the gall bladder and pancreas to release bile and pancreatic enzymes.

If the food is fat-rich, secretin and CCK levels are very high and inhibit peristalsis and gastric juice production in the stomach to slow food progression down to allow time for digestion. Thus, fatty meals in humans cause “indigestion” as movement slows.

Question 38

The maintenance of blood glucose is regulated by insulin. (Steps)

Answer 38

Example of negative feedback systems. After a meal, blood glucose increases, which stimulates the pancreas to release insulin. Insulin triggers cells to take up glucose for energy or storage until blood glucose hits its homeostatic set point. If the blood glucose levels fall, the pancreas releases glucagon, which will stimulate the liver to break down glycogen to increase blood glucose levels.

Question 39

Type-1 Diabetes

Answer 39

Type I diabetes usually strikes early in life as the immune system attacks the pancreas and destroys Beta cells and the ability to produce insulin. Individuals with this disorder must supplement with insulin to regulate blood glucose.

Question 40

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 40

pe II usually affects people later in life, though we see more and more cases in children. In this case, the pancreas produces adequate insulin and, in many cases, too much insulin, but the cells ignore the constant levels and fail to take up glucose. Treatment for this disorder often involves medication that tells cells to “listen” to the insulin in the body. As this disease progresses, the beta cells eventually cease to be able to produce insulin, and these individuals may become dependent on insulin supplementation.

Question 41

Type-3 Diabetes

Answer 41

Physicians are starting to recognize a third potential type of diabetes where the origins are different than either Type I or Type II, therefore requiring a different approach to disease management. Research is ongoing, but this form is often related to pancreatic injury through various mechanisms.

Question 42

Why do we get hungry?

Answer 42

The nervous system mediates feeding behavior, but like digestion, it is heavily influenced by hormones. We want to eat every 4-6 hours as the stomach empties, and hormonal signals tell us about it. Ghrelin is a hunger signal. When dieting, this increases and is one reason why dieting is difficult for many people. Insulin, Leptin, and PYY aid hunger suppression. Insulin suppresses hunger in the brain. Leptin, produced by fat tissue, decreases or increases appetite depending on levels. PYY counters Ghrelin and is made when the small intestine has food.