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sem 2 > Animals unit > Flashcards

Animals unit Flashcards

1
Q

Animals can be characterised by what?

A

body plans

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2
Q

what is the animal kingdom called?

A

Metazoa

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3
Q

what is the MCRA of animals?

A

Colonial flagellated protist ancestor (800mil to 1.2 bil years ago)

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4
Q

Name 3 general features of animals

A
  1. heterotrophs (eat other organisms cant synthesise organic molecules from inorganic eg sun)
  2. multicellular (different cells with different functions)
  3. no cell walls (flexibility, extracellular lattices)
  4. Sexual reporoduction (egg + sperm = diploid zygote)
  5. Embryonic development (cleavage; gastrulation)
  6. Bodies held together by structural proteins (e.g collagen
  7. HOX genes
  8. active movement (rapid complex diverse eg flight)
  9. unique tissues (muscles and nerves for locomotion
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5
Q

What do Hox genes do?

A

HOX genes give orders to developing embryos t activate genes/switches. They determine the physical form of the organism such as where the front, back, top and bottom of the animal is supposed to be and where the head/legs go.

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6
Q

how do germ layers arise?

what do they lead to?

A

embryo becomes layered through gastrulation

they lead to form the various tissues and organs

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7
Q

How many germ layers can animals have?

A

2 or 3 germ layers

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8
Q

what is an animal with 2 germ layers called?

what are the layers called?

A

diploblastic (two)
ectoderm
endoderm

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9
Q

What is an animal with 3 germ layers called?

what are the layers called

A

Triploblastic (three layers)
Ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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10
Q

what do the different germ layers do?

A

Ectoderm - outer layer - outercovering
Endoderm - innermost layer lines the developing digestive tract and also gives rise to associated organs liver, lungs
mesoderm - forms muscles and most of the organs that fit between the endo and ectoderm

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11
Q

Why is the evolution of tissues important ?

A

Allows specialization of functions
allows localization of functions
allows greater complexity

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12
Q

What are the 2 different symmetries? and what are there features?

A

Radial - top and a bottom, can be split into quarters like a soccer ball

Bilateral - two halves right and left like a lobster or shovel

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13
Q

what are the 3 body cavities ? what are there names

A
  1. no body cavity
  2. pseudo body cavity
  3. true body cavity
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14
Q

What is coelom?

A

fluid filled body cavity

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15
Q

Why are body cavities important? (2 reasons)

A
  • support organs
  • helps distribute materials
  • larger and longer organs
  • more flexibility
  • storage or larger number of gametes
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16
Q

what are the two development modes?

A

Deuterostome
Protostome

deuterostomes, the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, while in protostomes, it becomes the mouth.

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17
Q

Why is segmentation important ?

give 2 reasons

A

each segment can develop a complete set of organ systems - damage to 1 set is not fatal

Specialisation of organs and functions

locomotion more effective

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18
Q

What is an exoskeleton?

A

Rigid external skeleton made from layer of protein, chitin

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19
Q

Advantages of exo skeleton?

A

muscles can attach to interior surface
protection from

predators and water loss

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20
Q

animals that shed are called?

A

ecdysozoa

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21
Q

examples of jointed appendages (give 2)

A

legs, antennae, mouthparts, swimming appendages

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22
Q

Advantages of jointed appendages

A

Functional flexibility like walking feeding defence

greater mobility and locomotion like flying

lead to enormous diversity

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23
Q

what is an endo skeleton

A

an INTERNAL skelton, such as the bony or cartilaginous skeleton of vertabrates

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24
Q

what are some advantages of endo skeleton

A

attachment of muscles

increase in size and strength

diversity in locomotion

living system, so grows with an organism

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25
Q

Nerve chord and notochord differentiates into what ?

what are they in?

A

notochord longitudinal flexible rod of chordates which supports the body

Nerve cord refers to the major cord of nerve fibres

they are in chordates

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26
Q

what are some features of vertebrates?

A

vertabral column, head, endoskeleton, unique internal organs, embryology, jaws, territoriality (limbs lungs amniotic skin) endothermic and flight (maybe)

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27
Q

what does the amniotic egg do?

A

prevents eggs from drying out (external or internal)

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28
Q

what do all animals have to do?

name 2

A
  • obtain oxygen
  • nourish themselves
  • excrete wastes
  • move
  • reproduce
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29
Q

an animals body plan must allow what ?

A

Living cells to be bathes in an aqueous medium (important to maintaining the plasma membranes around the cell)

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30
Q

How do animals service the needs of the large number of cells in there body?

A

respiratory system

digestive system

excretory system

circulatory system

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31
Q

what is an advantage of being a complex organism?

A

immediate environment around cells is the internal body fluids

organ systems can control composition of immediate environment and maintain a relatively stable internal environment and so uncouple the organism from a variable external environment particularly important for terrestrial living organisms

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32
Q

what are the 4 types of tissues?

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
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33
Q

what are epithelial tissue

A

Sheets of tightly packed cells

cover the outside of the body and line organs and body cavities

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34
Q

connective tissue function

and examples of major types

A

Functions mainly to bind and support other tissues

sparse population of cells

includes bone blood cartilage

35
Q

what are muscle tissues

what are the 3 types

A

long cells called muscle fibers that are capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve signals

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

36
Q

What does nervous tissue do?

A

senses stimuli and transmits signals in the form of nerve impulses from one part of the body to another

37
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the regulation of internal environment within pretty narrow limits

38
Q

what is the internal environment of vertebrates called?

A

interstitial fluid

39
Q

what are the two types of internal regulation types?

A

Regulators and conformers

40
Q

what do regulators do?

What do conformers do?

A

use internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external environmental fluctuation

Conformers allow internal conditions to vary with certain external changes

41
Q

what are the three mechanisms of homeostasis and what do they do?

A

Receptors, detect change in internal variable (temp)

Control centres, process information and direct appropriate response

Effector, implements a countering response

42
Q

what is thermoregulation?

A

process which an animal maintains an internal temperature within a tolerable range

if temp too high proteins start to denature and membranes also change

43
Q

What are the two types of thermal characteristics of animals? what are there features

A

ectotherms: gain most of their heat from their environment. Because of low metabolic rates cannot generate much heat themselves (most fish, amphibians, reptiles, invertebrates)
endotherms: use their own metabolism to generate heat to regulate their body temperature (brids mammals some fish reptiles insects)

44
Q

what are the advantages of endothermy

and costs

A

allows vigorous activity for much longer than possible for most ectotherms

enables exploitation of terrestrial environments where ambient temperatures more variable and severe than in aquatic environments

Energetically expensive which means more food is needed etc

45
Q

types of heat transfer between environment and organism?

A

Radiation

conduction

convection

evaporation

46
Q

what area of the brain regulates body temperature ?

A

hypothalamus

47
Q

what are the 3 main dietary categories?

what do the eat?

A

Herbivores - animal that feeds on plants

Carnivores - animals feeds on other animals

Omnivores - eats both plant and animal origin

48
Q

bulk of food is used for what?

A

energy production (ATP)

49
Q

what are the main stages of food processing?

A

Ingestion (act of eating)

Digestion (mechanical fragmentation of food, breaking down food into component molecules, enzymatic hydrolysis)

absorption (cells absorbs small molecules)

elimination (undigested material passes out of body)

50
Q

What is the difference between intraceullular digestion and extracellular digestion?

A

intraceullular: begins after cell engulfs food, allows digestion by the enzymes within a compartment enclosed by protective membrane

Extracellular: digestion breakdown of macro molecules (food) outside the cell, digestion takes place within a compartment that is continuous with outside world, allows organism to devour much larger prey.

51
Q

what is the digestive tube with 2 openings called?

A

complete digestive tract or an alimentary canal

52
Q

small intestine function?

A

completion of chemical digestion

absorption of nutrients

53
Q

Large intestine function?

A

cecum: bacterial digestion (fermentation) in herbivores

colon, rectum: absorption of water and minerals; concentration and release of waste matter

54
Q

what are the types of circulatory systems?

A

Gastrovascular cavity

Open circulatory system

Closed circulatory system

55
Q

how many cell layers does a gastrovascular cavity have

A

2 cell layers thick

56
Q

what are the two circulatory system types?

A

Open and closed

57
Q

open and closed circulatory systems have 3 basic components? what are they

A

Circulatory fluid (blood)

set of tubes (blood vessels)

muscular pump (heart)

58
Q

what do arteries, capillaries, veins do?

A

arteries, carry blood away from the heart lead to arterioles

capillaries infiltrate tissues - very thin microscopic boyes

veins carry blood back to the heart

59
Q

respiration refers to all processes associated with what?

A

O2 and CO2

60
Q

what are alveoli?

A

dead end of tiny clusters of air sacs where gas exchange happens

61
Q

how many parents are in asexual reproduction

A

One

62
Q

what is mitotic cell division

A

when one parent cells divides into two genetically identical daughter cells

63
Q

what are gemmules

A

specialized groups of cells that grow into new individuals

64
Q

what is fragmentation and regeneration in asexual reproduction?

A

breaking body into parts, some parts regenerate into complete organisms

65
Q

how many parents are there in sexual reproduction?

A

2 diploid parents produce haploid gametes (sperm + egg)

66
Q

sexual gametes fuse to form what?

A

diploid (2nchromosomes) zygote

67
Q

what are some advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

advantages: no need to find mates
reduced costs
very productive
suited to stable favourable environment

disadvantages: limited genetic variability and diversity
vulnerable to environmental changes, parasites and disease

68
Q

what are some advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction ?

A

Advantages: creates genetic diversity and unique combinations of genes
potential to cope with rapidly changing environments
less vulnerable to parasites and diseases

disadvantages: more costly
need to find mate/s
risk losing locally adapted stable gene complexes

69
Q

what is Isogamy and anisogamy?

A

Isogamy: same sized gametes (iso = same)

anisogamy = unequal gametes

70
Q

what is external and internal fertilisation?

A

external - eggs shed by female and ferilized my males sperm in the environment
internal - sperm depositied in or near female reproductive tract, fertilization takes place in reproductive tract

71
Q

what is hermaphroditism?

A

Male and Female capable of producing eggs and sperm

72
Q

What are the three functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory input, collect information and then via sensory neurons send to an integrative centre

integration, interpretation by interneurons leads to an appropriate response, integration in ventral nervous system (brain and spinal cord in vertebrates)

Motor output, signal conduction from central nervous system to effector cells

73
Q

what are dendrites?

A

highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons

74
Q

what is the axon in neurons?

A

axon longer extension that transmits signal to other cells at synapses, may be covered with a myelin sheath

75
Q

how does a neuron work?

A

neurons at a resting state, need a big enough stimulus that it alters the membrane opening and closing some of the ion channels, leads to change in charge to initiate an action potential being passed down the axon

76
Q

what is the difference between exteroreceptors and interoreceptors ?

A

Extero = detect stimuli outside the body such as heat light pressure chemicals

Intero= within the body, blood pressure, body position

77
Q

what is sensory transduction?

A

opening or closing of ion channels in plasma membrane

78
Q

What is amplification?

A

strengthening of the stimulus enerygy

79
Q

what is Transmission?

A

transfer of the stimulus energy (nerve impulse) to the CNS

80
Q

what is integration

A

Summation of the signals to the brain higher cognitive abilities

81
Q

what is sensory adaptation

A

decrease in responsiveness during continued stimulation

82
Q

where can essential amino acids be obtained from?

A

meat, eggsm cheese and other animal products. Plants products are deficient in one or more essential amino acids

83
Q

what are vitamins?

A

organic molecules neededd in small amounts

84
Q

what is undernourishment and malnourishment

A

undernourishment - insufficient calories provided in diet

malnourishment - essential nutrients missing

sem 2 (13 decks)

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