ANT 102 exam #2

Question 1

what are the different modes of production?

Answer 1

capitalist & tributary

Question 2

what are the 4 modes of subsistence?

Answer 2

foraging, pastoralism, horiculture, & agriculture (industrial)

Question 3

characteristics of foraging

Answer 3

hunting & gathering, primarily rely on “wild” plant/animal resources

Question 4

characteristics of pastoralism

Answer 4

raise herds of domesticated livestock

Question 5

characteristics of horiculture

Answer 5

small-scale cultivation of crops intended for subsistence

Question 6

characteristics of agriculture

Answer 6

cultivation of domesticated plants & animals using machines for intensive work

Question 7

relationship between subsistence used in a society & settlement patterns (why they eat what they do)

Answer 7

people eat differently depending on how you find your food (hunting or buying from a grocery store; based on culture)

Question 8

modes of exchange

Answer 8

reciprocity, redistribution, & exchange

Question 9

difference between commodity exchange & gift exchange

Answer 9

commodity: capitalist market
gifts: about social relations, contains a bit of one’s self

Question 10

what is the role of reciprocity in maintaining relationships?

Answer 10

this simple exchange cements our social relationships

Question 11

balanced reciprocity

Answer 11

something is traded or given w/ equal value to what’s received w/ in specific time period

Question 12

negative reciprocity

Answer 12

attempt to get something for nothing; the most impersonal & exists for ppl who don’t know each other well

Question 13

generalized reciprocity

Answer 13

when we give something w/ out expecting something in return for equal value

Question 14

what kind of reciprocity is kula ring

Answer 14

balanced; ceremonial exchange of shell & necklace FOR shell arm bands

Question 15

what kind of reciprocity is potlatch

Answer 15

generalized; chief gives away more goods than another person to gain respect and build a rep

Question 16

what is cultural ecology?

Answer 16

study of the adaptation of human societies or populations to their environment

Question 17

what is sustainable development?

Answer 17

assist local communities in developing/marketing goods that are economic alternatives to high impact extraction (encourages to preserve land)

Question 18

how can national parks harm ppl?

Answer 18

the drilling, mining, & logging near the boarders can harm visitors (pollution)

Question 19

how are ppl who rely on land & animals affected by climate change?

Answer 19

critical ecosystems provide a bounty of food to ppl & animals. the drought and heat affects the quality and availability

Question 20

what is land tenure?

Answer 20

the relationships individuals & groups hold with respect to land & land-based resources

Question 21

how does land tenure affect sustainability?

Answer 21

effects on air, water quality, waste, wildlife habitat, climate, & human health

Question 22

facts about the San

Answer 22

hunters&gatherers, moved depending on migration patterns of the animals that they hunted & in search of water

Question 23

role of the Potlatch

Answer 23

redistributes wealth in gift-giving ceremony

Question 24

what type of weather are the Mongolians used to?

Answer 24

cold condtions

Question 25

what is Dzud in relation to Mongolia

Answer 25

extreme cold, disaster

Question 26

what are the health concerns in Mongolia?

Answer 26

liver cancer & hepatitis B/C

Question 27

what are the mining & environmental effects in Mongolia?

Answer 27

damage & pressure on ecosystems (they mine copper, coal, & gold)

Question 28

What are the Saami known for?

Answer 28

herding reindeer bc they provide them with meet, fur, & transportation

Question 29

what’s the significance with the freezing/melting cycles in relation to the Saami

Answer 29

rain creates a layer of ice on snow when freezes & blocks reindeer from getting to their food; consequences on wildlife & cultural practices