Anti-Infective

Question 1

Amikacin (Amikin), Gentamicin (Garamycin), Tobramycin (Tobrex)

Answer 1

Group:Aminoglycosides
Mechanism:Bactericidal
Indication:CNS infections, respiratory, GI, urinary tract, bone, skin, PID, TB (Streptomycin)
Side Effects:Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, anorexia, N/V/D
Considerations:Check sense of hearing, renal function, encourage fluids, small, frequent meals

Question 2

Amphotericin B (Fungizone)

Answer 2

Group:Antifungal
Mechanism:Impairs cell membranes
Indication:Fungal infections, thrush, candidiasis
Side Effects:Hepatotocity, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, pruritus seizures, skin irritation, peripheral neuritis, vision and hearing disturbances
Considerations:Give with food, small frequent meals monitor VS, report febrile reaction, hypokalemia

Question 3

Fluconazole (Diflucan)

Answer 3

Group:Antifungal
Mechanism:impairs cell membranes
Indication:Fungal infections, thrush, candidiasis
Side Effects:Hepatotocity, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, pruritus, elevated liver enzymes
Considerations:Give with food, small frequent meals, reduce dosage due to renal failure, administer after dialysis

Question 4

Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil)

Answer 4

Group:Antimalarial
Mechanism:Reduces the activation of dendritic cells and the inflammatory process.
Indication:Rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, malaria
Side Effects:Nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea, anemia, blisters in mouth, psoriasis, tinnitus
Considerations:Eye tests

Question 5

Quinine Sulfate

Answer 5

Group:Antimalarial
Mechanism:Reduces the activation of dendritic cells and the inflammatory process.
Indication:Malaria
Side Effects:Cinchonism, pulmonary edema
Considerations:Monitor electrolytes, hearing tests

Question 6

Metronidazole (Flagyl)

Answer 6

Group:Antiprotozoal
Mechanism:Impairs cell membrane of fungus
Indication:Bacteria, protozoa, C. diff, pelvic inflammatory disease, thrush
Side Effects:Headache, vaginitis, nausea, flu-like symptoms, hepatoxicity, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, pruritus
Considerations:Reduce dosage hepatic disease, monitor CBC, LFT, cultures, give with food or milk

Question 7

Isoniazid (INH)

Answer 7

Group:Antituberculars
Mechanism:Inhibits synthesis of mycolic acid, bactericidal
Indication:Tuberculosis
Side Effects:Rash, hepatitis, anemia, fever, peripheral neuropathy, seizures, optic neuritis
Considerations:Liver function tests, no alcohol, give before meals, monitor for symptoms resolution 2-3 therapeutic response

Question 8

Acyclovir (Zovirax)

Answer 8

Group:Antivirals
Mechanism:Inhibits DNA/RNA replication in virus
Indication:Herpes, chickenpox, shingles
Side Effects:Headaches, dizziness, seizures, diarrhea
Considerations:Drug interactions, encourage fluids, check liver and renal function, wear gloves

Question 9

Oseltamivir Phosphate (Tamiflu)

Answer 9

Group:Antivirals
Mechanism:Prevents new particles from being formed
Indication:Influenza
Side Effects:Nausea, vomiting, cough and throat irritation
Considerations:Reduces flu-symptoms duration, Encourage fluids, small, frequent feedings, good skin care, wear gloves

Question 10

Valacyclovir (Valtrex, Zelitrex)

Answer 10

Group:Antivirals
Mechanism:Inhibits DNA/RNA replication in virus
Indication:Herpes
Side Effects:Vertigo, depression, headache, hematuria
Considerations:Encourage fluids, small, frequent feedings, good skin care, wear gloves

Question 11

Zidovudine (Retrovir, HIVID)

Answer 11

Group:Antivirals
Mechanism:Inhibits DNA/RNA replication in virus
Indication:HIV/AIDS
Side Effects:Oral ulcers, peripheral neuropathy, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, CHF, cardiomyopathy
Considerations:Can be combined with zidovudine, Encourage fluids, small, frequent feedings, good skin care, wear gloves

Question 12

Cefadroxil (Duricef)

Answer 12

Group:Cephalosporins 1st Generation
Mechanism:Bactericidal
Indication:Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, URI, gonorrhea, septicemia, meningitis, UTI
Side Effects:Abdominal pain, N/V/D, risk of bleeding, rash, superinfections, hypoprothrmonemia, thrombophlebitis
Considerations:Take with food, have vitamin K available, avoid alcohol, monitor renal and hepatic function

Question 13

Cephalexin (Keflex)

Answer 13

Group: Cephalosporins 1st Generation
Mechanism:Bactericidal
Indication:Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, URI, gonorrhea, septicemia, meningitis, UTI
Side Effects:Abdominal pain, N/V/D, risk of bleeding, rash, superinfections, hypoprothrmonemia, thrombophlebitis
Considerations:Take with food, have vitamin K available, avoid aclcohol, monitor renal and hepatic function

Question 14

Cefaclor (Cefaclor)

Answer 14

Group: Cephalosporins 2nd Generation
Mechanism:Bactericidal
Indication:Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, URI, gonorrhea, septicemia, meningitis, UTI
Side Effects:Abdominal pain, N/V/D, risk of bleeding, rash, superinfections, hypoprothrmonemia, thrombophlebitis
Considerations:Take with food, have vitamin K available, avoid aclcohol, monitor renal and hepatic function

Question 15

Cefotetan (Apatef, Cefotan)

Answer 15

Group: Cephalosporins 2nd Generation
Mechanism:Bactericidal
Indication:Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, URI, gonorrhea, septicemia, meningitis, UTI
Side Effects:Abdominal pain, N/V/D, risk of bleeding, rash, superinfections, hypoprothrmonemia, thrombophlebitis
Considerations:Take with food, have vitamin K available, avoid aclcohol, monitor renal and hepatic function

Question 16

Cefoxitin (Mefoxin)

Answer 16

Group: Cephalosporins 2nd Generation
Mechanism:Bactericidal
Indication:Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, URI, gonorrhea, septicemia, meningitis, UTI
Side Effects:Abdominal pain, N/V/D, risk of bleeding, rash, superinfections, hypoprothrmonemia, thrombophlebitis
Considerations:Take with food, have vitamin K available, avoid aclcohol, monitor renal and hepatic function

Question 17

Cefprozil (Cefzil)

Answer 17

Group: Cephalosporins 2nd Generation
Mechanism:Bactericidal
Indication:Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, URI, gonorrhea, septicemia, meningitis, UTI
Side Effects:Abdominal pain, N/V/D, risk of bleeding, rash, superinfections, hypoprothrmonemia, thrombophlebitis
Considerations:Take with food, have vitamin K available, avoid aclcohol, monitor renal and hepatic function

Question 18

Cefuroxime (Cefitin, Zinacef)

Answer 18

Group: Cephalosporins 2nd Generation
Mechanism:Bactericidal
Indication:Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, URI, gonorrhea, septicemia, meningitis, UTI
Side Effects:Abdominal pain, N/V/D, risk of bleeding, rash, superinfections, hypoprothrmonemia, thrombophlebitis
Considerations:Take with food, have vitamin K available, avoid aclcohol, monitor renal and hepatic function

Question 19

Cefdinir (Cefzon)

Answer 19

Group: Cephalosporins 3rd Generation
Mechanism:Bactericidal
Indication:Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, URI, gonorrhea, septicemia, meningitis, UTI
Side Effects:Abdominal pain, N/V/D, risk of bleeding, rash, superinfections, hypoprothrmonemia, thrombophlebitis
Considerations:Take with food, have vitamin K available, avoid aclcohol, monitor renal and hepatic function

Question 20

Cefepime (Cepimex, Axepim)

Answer 20

Group: Cephalosporins 3rd Generation
Mechanism:Bactericidal
Indication:Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, URI, gonorrhea, septicemia, meningitis, UTI
Side Effects:Abdominal pain, N/V/D, risk of bleeding, rash, superinfections, hypoprothrmonemia, thrombophlebitis
Considerations:Take with food, have vitamin K available, avoid aclcohol, monitor renal and hepatic function

Question 21

Cefotaxime

Answer 21

Group: Cephalosporins 3rd Generation
Mechanism:Bactericidal
Indication:Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, URI, gonorrhea, septicemia, meningitis, UTI
Side Effects:Abdominal pain, N/V/D, risk of bleeding, rash, superinfections, hypoprothrmonemia, thrombophlebitis
Considerations:Take with food, have vitamin K available, avoid aclcohol, monitor renal and hepatic function

Question 22

Cefpodoxime (C-Doxim)

Answer 22

Group: Cephalosporins 3rd Generation
Mechanism:Bactericidal
Indication:Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, URI, gonorrhea, septicemia, meningitis, UTI
Side Effects:Abdominal pain, N/V/D, risk of bleeding, rash, superinfections, hypoprothrmonemia, thrombophlebitis
Considerations:Take with food, have vitamin K available, avoid aclcohol, monitor renal and hepatic function

Question 23

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)

Answer 23

Group:Fluoroquinolones
Mechanism:Bactericidal
Indication:E. coli, acute sinusitis, postexpsoure inhalation anthrax
Side Effects:Headache, N/V/D, elevated BUN & Creatinin, decreased WBC, rash, photosensivity, Achilles tendon rupture
Considerations:C/S, take with water, encourage fluids

Question 24

Levofloxacin (Levequin)

Answer 24

Group:Fluoroquinolones
Mechanism:Bactericidal
Indication:E. coli, acute sinusitis, postexpsoure inhalation anthrax
Side Effects:Headache, N/V/D, elevated BUN & Creatinin, decreased WBC, rash, photosensivity, Achilles tendon rupture
Considerations:C/S, take with water, encourage fluids

Question 25

Vancomycin (Vancocin)

Answer 25

Group:Glycopeptides
Mechanism:Bactericidal
Indication:Staph infections, C. diff
Side Effects:Thrombophlebtisi, abcess formation, nephrotoxity, ototoxicity, red man syndrome (low BP)
Considerations:Monitor renal and hearing, give antihistamine in case of red man syndrome

Question 26

Clindamycin Phosphate (Cleocin)

Answer 26

Group:Lincosamides
Mechanism:Bactericidal
Indication:Staph, strept
Side Effects:Diarrhea, rash, liver toxity
Considerations:Given with water to prevent ulcers

Question 27

Azithromycin (Zithromax)

Answer 27

Group: Macrolides
Mechanism:Bactericidal
Indication:Acute infections, acne and skin infections, UR
Side Effects:Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, confusion, hepatotoxicity, superinfections
Considerations:Prophylaxis before dental procedure for heart patients, given with water, monitor liver function

Question 28

Clarithromycin (Biaxin)

Answer 28

Group: Macrolides
Mechanism:Bactericidal
Indication:Acute infections, acne and skin infections, UR
Side Effects:Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, confusion, hepatotoxicity, superinfections
Considerations:Prophylaxis before dental procedure for heart patients, given with water, monitor liver function

Question 29

Erthromycin (Erythrocin)

Answer 29

Group: Macrolides
Mechanism:Bactericidal
Indication:Acute infections, acne and skin infections, UR
Side Effects:Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, confusion, hepatotoxicity, superinfections
Considerations:Prophylaxis before dental procedure for heart patients, given with water, monitor liver function

Question 30

Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Penicillin

Answer 30

Group:Penicillin
Mechanism:Bactericidal
Indication:Moderate/severe infections, sujolis, lyme disease
Side Effects:Glossitis, stomatitis, gastritis, diarrhea, superinfections
Considerations:C/S, good mouth care

Question 31

Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra)

Answer 31

Group:Sulfonamides
Mechanism:Bactericidal
Indication:Ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, conjunctivitis, meningitis, UTIs, rheumatoid arthritis
Side Effects:Peripheral neuopathy, crstalluria, proteinuria, photo sensiviity, GI upset, stomatitis
Considerations:C/S, take on empty stomach with water, encourage fluids, good mouth care,

Question 32

Doxycyclien Hyclate (Vibramycin)

Answer 32

Group:Tetracyclines
Mechanism:Bacteriostatic
Indication:STDs, acne, anthrax, H. pylori , Lyme disease
Side Effects:Glossitis, stomatitis, gastritis, diarrhea, superinfections
Considerations:Discoloration of baby teeth, don’t take with antacids or milk, protect from sunlight

Question 33

Minocyclcine Hcl (Minocin)

Answer 33

Group:Tetracyclines
Mechanism:Bacteriostatic
Indication:STDs, acne, anthrax, H. pylori , Lyme disease
Side Effects:Glossitis, stomatitis, gastritis, diarrhea, superinfections
Considerations:Discoloration of baby teeth, don’t take with antacids or milk, protect from sunlight