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Pharm III > Anti-Parasitic > Flashcards

Anti-Parasitic Flashcards

1
Q

List 8 examples of protozoal infections

A

Amebiasis, Malaria, Trypanosomiasis(Chagas DIsease), Leishmanisasis, Toxoplasmosis, Giardiasis, Trichomoniasis, Acanthamoeba

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2
Q

Amebiasis

A

amebic dysentery
infection of the intestinal tract caused by Entamoeba histolytica
-common when human waste is used as fertilizer (spread through food and contaminated water with feces)

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3
Q

Classification of Amebiases therapy

A

Luminal
-Act on the parasite in the lumen of the bowel
Systemic
-Against amebas in the intestinal wall and liver
Mixid amebicides
-Effective against both the luminal and systemic forms f the disease

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4
Q

Metronidazole

A

A mixed amebicide
A nitromidazole
Drug of choice for tx of amebicides, Giardia lambilia and Trichomonas vaginalis
-Aslo for pseudomembranous colitis caused by anaerobic, gram poistive bacillus Clostridum dificile

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5
Q

Tinidazole

A

a second generation nitroimidazole
Similar to metronidazole
more expensive but short treatment course

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6
Q

Side effects of Mixed amebicides

Metronidazole and Tinidazole

A

Nausea, GI disturbances, Metallic taste

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7
Q

Luminal amebicides

A

used for treatment of asymptomatic colonization state within the intestine

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8
Q

Lodoquinol

A

luminal amebicide

amebicidal effective against the luminal trophozoite and cyst forms

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9
Q

Paromomycin

A

Luminal amebicides
an aminoglycoside antibiotic
Not absorbed systemically
Reduces intestinal colonies

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10
Q

Systemic amebicides

A

used for treatment of asymptomatic colonization state within the intestinal wall and liver
Chloroquine is used in combination with metranidazole to treat and prevent amebic liver abcesses

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11
Q

Malaria

A

Cuate infectious disease caused by one of four species of protozoal genus plasmodium

Transmitted to humnas through the bite of a femal Anopheles mosquito

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12
Q

Malaria symptoms

A

Plasmodium falciparum is the most dangerous species
Cuases an acute rapidly advancing disease
-Persistant high fever, orthostatic hypotensiton and massive erythrocytosis (abnormal elevation in the number of RBCs accompanied by swollen, reddish limbs)
-cna lead to capillary obstruction and death without prompt tx

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13
Q

Primaquine

A

Used in malaria
Eradicates primary exoerythrocytic roms
Not effective against the erythrocytic stage
Combined with Chloroquine

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14
Q

Chloroquine

A

Mainstay antimalarial therapy
Used in the prophylzis of malaria for trale ot areas with known chloroquine sensitive malaria
-When used for prophylaxis, therapy should begin 2 weeks before exposure and continue for 6-8 weeks after leaving the area where malaria is present

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15
Q

Chloroquine Adverse effects

A

headache, GI disturbance, Blurry vision, Skin rash

Bulls eye retinopathy

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16
Q

Melfloquine

A

effective for multidrug resistant forms of P. falciparum

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17
Q

Quinine

A

For severe infestations and for chloroquine resistant strains
Cinchonism: a syndrome causing nausea, vomiting tinnitus and vertigo

18
Q

Artemisinin

A

For the treatment of severe, multidrug resistant P. falciparum

19
Q

Ocular implications of chloroquin tx

A

Dimness of vission, Flickering or flashing yellow lights, Green or red halos, Diplopia, Blindness, photphobia

20
Q

Cholorquin posterior findings

A

Posterior subcapsular opacity
Irregularity in the macular pigmentations and loss of the foveal reflex (early)
Bulls eye maculopath (classic finding)
Peripheral pigment irregularity and bone spicule formation, vasuclar attenuation, and optic disc pallor (endstage)

21
Q

Trypanosomiasis

A 
African sleeping sickness
Chronic
fatal if left untreated
Protozoan grows and live in blood 
invades CNS causing inflammation of the brain and spinal chord--> lethargy and eventually continous sleep
22
Q

American trypanosomiasis tx

A

Nifurtimox and Sennidozole
treated for months
Mortality rate is 5-8%
cure rate is variable because of the extended course of tx

23
Q

American trypanosomiasis tx

A

Hypersensitivity reactions
- Anaphylaxis, dermatitis
Gstrointestinal problems
-anorexia may be severe enough to cause weight loss
Peripheral neuropathy is relatively common
Headache, dizziness, peripheral neuropathy and insominea

24
Q

African trypanosomiasis tx

A

Pentamidine and Suramin

25
Q

Leishmaniasis

A 
transmitted animals to humas and human to human by the sandfly
Three forms
-Cutaneous
-Mucocutaneous 
-Visceral
26
Q

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Ocular findings in cutaneous leishmaniasis represent a local phenomenon resulting from the initial site of infection near the eye with occasional spread to the lacrimal duct
Ptosis may be a presenting complaint

27
Q

Leishmaniasis Mucocutaneous

A

If the initial bite occurs on the conjunctival mucosa,

May lead to severe ulceration and possible loss of the eye

28
Q

Leishmaniasis Visceral

A

systemic disease, is known as kala-azar.
The ocular manifestations of kala-azar are relatively uncommon
Reported with immunocompromised HIV
Include chorioretinitis, central retinal vein thrombosis, iritis, papillitis, and keratitis
Additionally, flame-shaped retinal hemorrhages have been described
Glaucoma has been reported to develop after the successful treatment of kala-azar

29
Q

Leishmaniasis tx

A

Amphotericin B
Mitefosine
Sodium stibogluconate

30
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

protozoan T. gondii
raw uncooked meat transmission
cats are the only animals that shed oocysts that can infect humans
can be transmitted through the fetus

31
Q

Toxoplasmosis eye signs

A

focal necrotising retinitis occasionally asociated with vascular occlusion
Vitritis is a common featrure
lesiosn are ususally self limiting but threaten sight if around the macula or ON

32
Q

Toxoplasmosis tx

A

Combination of Sulfadiazine and pyrimetamine

Clindamycin and azithromycin are now commonly used as first line tx

33
Q

Adverse effects of toxoplasmosis tx

A

A hypersensitivity reaction can be severe

first appearance of a rash, pyrimethamine should be discontinued

34
Q

Giardia lamblia

A

most commonly diagnosed intestinal parasite in the United states
ingestion of contaminated drinking water
Diarrhea, cramping and nausea

35
Q

Tx of Giardia lamblia

A

Oral metronidazole for 5 days

36
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

Very common sexually transmitted disease
Caused by infection with a protozoan parasite
Trichomonas vaginalis
More common in women than men

37
Q

Tx of Trichomoniasis

A

Metronidazole (Flagyl)

Tinidazole

38
Q

Adverse effects of Trichomoniasis tx

A

Nasuea, Metallic tast, loss of appetiti, headaches

39
Q

Acanthamoeba

A

ubiquitous free-living protozoa that have been isolated from several habitats, including soil, bottled water, eyewash stations, and air
Two stages in the life cycle:
Motile trophozoite
Dormant cyst
Can survive extreme environmental conditions such as hyperosmolarity, glucose starvation, desiccation, extreme temperatures, and extreme pH

40
Q

Acanthamoeba Keratitis

A

Severe pain that is not commensurate with the extent of tissue damage
It typically presents as a unilateral central or paracentral corneal infiltrate, often with a ring-shaped peripheral infiltrate

41
Q

Acanthamoeba Keratits tx

A 
a topical cationic antiseptic agent
-polyhexamethylene biguanide (0.02%) 
-chlorhexidine (0.02%) 
with or without a diamidine
-propamidine (0.1%) 
-hexamidine (0.1%)
The duration of therapy may last six months to a year. 
cycloplegic to control the pain

Pharm III (6 decks)

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