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Introduction to Microbiology > Antimicrobial Drugs > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Antibiotic

A

A product produced by a microorganism which in low concentrations inhibits the growth of other microorganisms

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2
Q

Types of Antibiotics

A

1- Natural
2-Synthetic
3-Semisynthetic

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3
Q

Importance of Antibiotics

A

Easily treats illnesses

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4
Q

The ideal Drug

A

1- Inexpensive
2- Selective toxicity
3- Favourable pharmacokinetics
4- Readily Available
5- Nontoxic
6- Little ressistant

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5
Q

Sources of antimicrobial Agents

A

1- Chemically synthesised
2-Soil
3- Water
4-molecular manipulation

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6
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Inhibits the growth of organisms

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7
Q

Bactericidal

A

Kills organisms

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8
Q

MIC stands for

A

minimum Inhibitory concentration

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9
Q

MBC stands for

A

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration

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10
Q

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

A

The lowest concentration that` inhibits the growth of organisms

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11
Q

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration

A

The lowest concentration that kills 99.9% of the population

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12
Q

The decision to use a bactericidal or a bacteriostatic drug depends on:

A

the type of infection

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13
Q

Ultimate elimination of the organisms depends on:

A
  1. specific antibodies
    2.host phagocytic activity
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14
Q

Antimicrobial Spectrum

A

Range of activity on antimicrobial against bacteria

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15
Q

Broad spectrum antimicrobial drug

A

inhibits a wide variety of gram +ve and gram -ve bacteria

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16
Q

Narrow spectrum antimicrobial drugs

A

inhibits a limited variety of bacteris

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17
Q

Types of combining drugs

A

1 Synergistic
2.Antagonistic

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18
Q

Synergistic

A

action of one drug enhances the activity of another

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19
Q

Antagonistic

A

Action of one drug interferes with action of another

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20
Q

Adverse effects

A
  1. Toxic Effects
  2. Suppression of normal flora
  3. Allergic reactions
21
Q

Mechanisms of action of antibacterial drugs

A
  1. Inhibit cell wall synthesis
  2. Inhibit protein synthesis
  3. Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
  4. Injury to plasma membrane
  5. Inhibits synthesis of essential metabolites
22
Q

inhibition of cell wall synthesis include

A

β-lactam drugs

23
Q

β-lactam drugs

A
  1. irreversibly inhibit enzymes involved in the final steps of cell wall synthesis
  2. these enzymes mediate the formation of peptide bridges between adjacent stands of peptidoglycan
  3. Drug binds to enzymes inhibiting enzymatic activity
  4. Some bacteria produces β-lactamase enzyme which breaks critical β-lactam
    ring
24
Q

β-lactam drugs include

A
  1. Cephalosporins
  2. Penicillins
  3. Carbapenems
    4.monobactams
25
Q

Cephalosporins

A

β-lactam antibiotic derived from the fungus acremonium
Given oral, IV,IM

26
Q

1960

1st Generation Cephalosporins

A

Cefalexin
Cefazolin
Cefradnie

27
Q

1970

2nd Generation cephaolosporins

A

Cefaclor
Cefuroxime
cefoxtin

28
Q

1980

3rd Generation cephalosporins

A

ceftazidime
ceftitriaxone
cefditoren
cefdinir

29
Q

1990

4th Generation Cephalosporins

A

Cefeprime
Cefepirome

30
Q

5th Generation Cephalosporin

A

Ceftaroline
ceftobiprole
fosamil

31
Q

Penicillinase resistant drugs

A

1.Oxcacillin
2.Cloxacillin
3.Amoxcacillin
4.Carbencillin
5.Piperacillin
6.Ticercillin
7.Monobactam

32
Q

Oxacillin , Cloxacillin are used against

A

gram+ve bacteria

33
Q

Amoxcacillin is

A

broad spectrum

34
Q

Carbenicillin ,ticarcillin ,pipercillin

A

gra -ve bacteria

35
Q

monobactam

A

gram-ve bacteria

36
Q

Non β-lactam drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

1.polypeptides
*bacteriacin
2. glycopeptides
*vancomycin

37
Q

Inhibition of protein synthesis

A
  1. Targets the ribososmes of bacteria
38
Q

Three types of protein synthesis drugs

A

1.tertacyclines
2.aminoglycosides
3.macrolides

39
Q

tetracyclines

A

binds to 30S
blocking attachment of tRNA

40
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Binds to 30S
causes it to distrot and malfunction

41
Q

Macrolides

A

binds to 50S
prevents contiuation of protein synthesis

42
Q

Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

A

Quinolones
floroquinolones
*Norfloxacin
*ciprofloxin
*levofolaxin

43
Q

Injury to plasma membrane

A

leads to leakage of cellualr content
includes :
colistin

44
Q

Inhibits synthesis of essential metabolites

A

Sulfonamide drugs
useful against UTIs

45
Q

How do bacteria become resistant

A
  1. Genetic :
    Spontaneous mutation
    Gene transfer
  2. Non Genetic :
    Intrinsic resistance`
46
Q

Mechanisms of resistance

A

1.Production of enzmye that destroys the drug
2.slow or prevent drug from entering the cell
3.alter target of the drug
4.alter their metabolic activity
5.pump antimicrobial drug out of the cell before it can act.

47
Q

Determination of drug determination

A

clinical parameters
laboratories parameters

48
Q

Drug efficiency can be measured by tests:

A

1.Kirby Bauer method
2.Broth dilution test
3. E test

Introduction to Microbiology (13 decks)

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