antimicrobials

Question 1

what are antimicrobials

Answer 1

chemical substances that have the capacity to kill or inhibit the growth or microorganisms

Question 2

natural antibiotics

Answer 2

produced by microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria

Question 3

semi - synthetic drugs

Answer 3

isolated from natural sources, by then chemically modified in a laboratory

Question 4

synthetic drugs

Answer 4

compounds that are completely artificial and are synthesized in a laboratory

Question 5

broad - spectrum drugs

Answer 5

effective against both gram - possitive and gram - negative bacteria and tend to have higher toxicity to the host

Question 6

narrow-spectrum drugs

Answer 6

effective against a limited group of microbes and exhibit lower toxicity to the host

Question 7

antibiotics

Answer 7

will treat gram-positive bacteria such as staph, and strep
will treat gram-negative bacteria such as e. coli, salmonella, coliforms

Question 8

antibiotic resistance

Answer 8

occurs when bacteria change in some way that reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of the agent used to cure or prevent injection

Question 9

cell wall agents

Answer 9

inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Question 10

protein synthesis agents

Answer 10

inhibition of protein synthesis

Question 11

nucleic acid agents

Answer 11

inhibition of nucleic acid enzymes

Question 12

cell wall agents

Answer 12

penicillins
cephalosporins
bacitracin
vancomycin

Question 13

Penicillins

Answer 13

inhibit cell wall synthesis - Beta-lactam ring produces weak cell walls

Question 14

cephalosporins

Answer 14

interfere with cell wall synthesis

Question 15

bacitracin

Answer 15

inhibits protein cell wall synthesis

Question 16

vancomycin

Answer 16

used primarily for txt of infections that are resistant to the antibiotics such as penicillins or cephalosporins

Question 17

cell membrane agents

Answer 17

polymyxin B

Question 18

polymyxins

Answer 18

attach the cell membrane
they act on the phospholipid bilayer of cell membrane and alter permeability

Question 19

aminoglycosides

Answer 19

suffic: micin or mycin
good for gram (-) stay within the GI tract, treats systemic infections.

Question 20

tetracyclines

Answer 20

suffix: cycline
good for gram (+/-) and rickettsial agents
treats lyme diseases
DO NOT give to young or pregnant animals (they deposit into minerals and stain teeth) or with dairy products.
DO NOT give with iron supplements, antacids, or kaolin, pectin or bismuth

Question 21

chloramphenicol

Answer 21

broad spectrum
dangerous in food animals. BANNED in food-producing animals (can cause bone marrow suppression and aplastic anemia).
WEAR gloves
DO NOT split (aerosolized)

Question 22

florfenicol

Answer 22

used for treating bovine respiratory disease
not approved in breeding age cattle

Question 23

macrolides

Answer 23

large molecular structure and many-membered rings.

Question 24

lincosamides

Answer 24

similar to macrolides
work against gram (+) aerobic bacteria
can cause fetal colitis in horses
good efficacy in bones and teeth

Question 25

sulfonamides

Answer 25

inhibit synthesis of folic acid, an action that hinders the growth of a wide variety of bacteria

Question 26

quinolones

Answer 26

mostly used in large animal
inhibit DNA function in bacteria but do not harm mammalian DNA

Question 27

fluoroquinolones

Answer 27

suffic: floaxacin
used to treat gram (+/-)
Avoid in young or pregnant animals as they can develop cartilage lesions.
high doses can cause blindness in cats

Question 28

what are the two groups of fungus

Answer 28

yeast and mold

Question 29

nystatin

Answer 29

• candida albicans (they like sugar)
• orally and topically

Question 30

amphotericin B

Answer 30

• extremely nephrotoxic
• topically and IV
• life or death drug

Question 31

imidazole antifungal agents

Answer 31

cause leakage of fungal cell membrane
ketoconazole and miconazole