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BIOPSY > Anxiety and Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Anxiety and Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Causes: Genetic
GABA receptors, Benzo applied ( agonist)
SSRI: it is an agonist to serotonin

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2
Q

PTSD

A

-feeling that brings you back to the traumatic event (dreams and Flashback)

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3
Q

Correlation of PTSD

A
  • smaller hippocampus
    -reduced benzo
    -treatment: consists of medication and or cognitive behavior
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4
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Is a psychosis that is perceptual emotional, and intellectual deficits; loss of contact with reality, and inability to function in life.
- “Split mind”
-late teens, early 20s diagnosed by 30

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5
Q

Outcomes in Schizophrenia

A
  1. one episode: 12.2%
  2. serve
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6
Q

Symptoms of schizophrenia

A
  • Positive: abnormal in their presence ( added things like hearing things, seeing things, hallucination )
    -Negative: abnormal in their absence ( no facial expression, lack of movement: Catatonia , social withdrawal, don’t speak, poor hygiene/grooming
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7
Q

Causes of Schizophrenia

A
  1. Genetic - mainly
  2. Environmental
  3. Pharmacological
  4. Neurological
    This is probably due to a combination of serval different factors
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8
Q

Genetic schizophrenia

A
  • Twin study
    -does not appear to be dominate
    -Paternal age( how old was the father when they were conceived): the older, the more chance of having a child with schizophrenia due to sperm
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9
Q

Genetic Marker (Schizophrenia)

A
  • abnormal eye movement
  • unable to focus the eye
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10
Q

Environmental Causes Schizophrenia

A
  1. seasonal effect: they are born in winter/ early spring
  2. Viral epidemics
  3. Population Density
  4. Latitude: further from the equator, more likely to have schizophrenia
  5. Prenatal Malnourishment
  6. RH incompatibility: RH+ child, mom RH-
  7. Maternal Stress: when the mom is stressed weaker immune for the baby
  8. Birth trauma
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11
Q

Pharmacological causes of Schizophrenia

A

Overactive DA: is related to the positive symptoms
Dopamine activity: how high the level is
Dopamine agonist: Cocaine, amphetamine
DA antagonist: reduces psychotic behavior, stops the overactivity of DA

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12
Q

Hypothesis Dopamine

A

-25 percent do not respond to the dopamine antagonist

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13
Q

Neurological causes of schizophrenia

A
  • Brain abnormality: losing brain tissue, bigger ventricle, associated with negative symptoms. The hippocampus and amygdala may be smaller
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14
Q

Relationship between positive and Negative symptoms

A

Hypfrontality: decreased activation of the frontal lobes

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15
Q

Clozapine

A

An antipsychotic drug that alleviates both positive and negative symptoms, it has been shown to increase DA transmission in the frontal lobes and decrease DA transmission in NA

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16
Q

Hypofrontality Hypotheses

A
  1. lower frontal lobe activity may account for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
  2. patients show less frontal lobe activity
17
Q

Treatment of Schizophrenia

A
  • Surgical: frontal lobotomy
    -Rebooting the brain: Transcranial magnetic stimulation ( TMS)
    -Psychological
18
Q

Genetic and Environmental Contribution to Depression

A

Genetic: if we have family members/tree with depression, it puts us at risk
Environmental: Dutch Hunger disorder winter, stress

19
Q

Brain Structure in Depression and Function (Frontal/ Prefrontal Cortex)

A

-Happy moods are associated with the left frontal lobe
- Depression is correlated with increased right lobe activity, a decrease of activity of the left frontal lobe
-decrease prefrontal mass

20
Q

Brain Structure and Function in Depression (Amygdala)

A
  • negative emotions
  • Higher amygdala activity is related to depression can be detected by looking at the amygdala activity
21
Q

Biochemistry of Depression

A

Due to problems in the HPA axis, higher levels of:
1. hormone
2. thyroid hormone
3. cortisol level
- response abnormally to the dexamethasone suppression test ( DST)

22
Q

Monoamines and Depression

A

-Reserpine depletes available monoamines and produces depression

23
Q

Antidepressant medication acts on monamines

A

-MAO inhibitors suppress MAO and break down Monoamines
-SSRIs inhibit (block) the reuptake of serotonin

24
Q

Unipolar Depression Treatments

A
  • Herbal Remedies
    -Therapy: Cognitive/ Behavioral, psychodynamic
    -ECT ( electric shots for serve cases
    -sleep deprivation: makes the sleep cycle regular again
25
Q

Bipolar Disorders

A
  • manic episode: very high excited emotions to a depression episode (mania)
26
Q

Genetic of Bipolar Disorder

A
  • there is a correlation between genetic factor due to a twin study ( 70%) at risk
  • dominate gene on chromosome 4
    -more prone if family members have major depressive disorders
27
Q

Brain Structure and Function in Bipolar Disorder

A
  • the more episodes, the less brain tissue
    -ventricle spaces are abnormally bigger
    -Basal ganglia activity is higher
    -Enlargement of the amygdala
28
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

-SSRIs
-Antipsychotic

29
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A
  • a feeling of apprehension, uncertainty, and fear
    -strong negative emotions
    -physical reactions due to anticipated danger
30
Q

Features of Anxiety

A

-Genetics
-Norepinephrine, serotonin and GABA system may be involved

31
Q

OCD

A
  • a task that needs to be completed sometimes with an exact amount and puts fear/ anxiety
    -Genetics and Brain damage

BIOPSY (4 decks)

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