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Abnormal Psych > Anxiety disorders > Flashcards

Anxiety disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Triple vulnerability model (Barlow, 2002)

A

Vulnerabilities increases sensitivity of the alarm trigger and involve:

  • biological factors
  • generalised psychological factors
  • specific psychological factors
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2
Q

Biological factors

A

e.g. is the fact that individuals seem to inherit a general predisposition towards anxiety and depressive disorders

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3
Q

Generalised psychological factors

A

Include beliefs that the world is generally a dangerous place combined with broad expectations that events are beyond one’s control

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4
Q

specific psychological factors

A

Psychological factors that are specific to particular objects or situations and include factors that influence the expectation of a negative outcome when confronted with a specific object or event.

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5
Q

true alarms

A

Where fear occurs in response to direct danger. Acknowledging the capacity of the fight/flight response to prepare the body to deal with a threat more effectively

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6
Q

false alarms

A

In contrast to the true alarms, the fight/flight response occurs in situations that do not produce an immediate physical threat. It is also a hallmark of anxiety disorders

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7
Q

conditioning

A

A direct way to learn about potential dangers,

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8
Q

vicarious acquisition

A

Fear is acquired through process of modelling

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9
Q

informational pathway

A

describes the development of fear following the verbal transmission of danger-related information from others

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10
Q

Types of anxiety disorders

A

Specific phobias, Panic disorder and Agoraphobia, Social Anxiety disorder, Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)

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11
Q

Diagnosis of Specific phobias

A

DSM-IV:

  • marked and consistent fear when a specific object or situation is encountered
  • fear is out of proportion to the danger posed by the object or situation
  • fear causes emotional, social and/or occupational disruption
  • lifetime prevalence s estimated 7-9%
  • F to M ratio is 2:1
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12
Q

subtypes of Specific phobias

A
  • animal
  • natural environment (e.g. height, water)
  • blood, injection and injury
  • situational (e.g. airplanes, enclosed spaces)
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13
Q

epidemiology (Specific phobias)

A
  • CH and early adolescence
  • prevalence is greater among children than adults
  • lifetime prevalence is estimated at 7-9%
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14
Q

aetiology (Specific phobias)

A
  • evidence that phobias have a heritable component
  • phobias may be acquired through classical (association) conditioning
  • issues:
    • phobic fears are not distributed evenly across all possible stimuli
    • many with phobias do not recall an initial traumatic event
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15
Q

treatment - Specific phobias

A
  • exposure therapy are most effective
    • works through extinction
  • also works by challenging expectations of danger leading to an increased sense of control
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16
Q

Diagnosis of Panic Disorder

A

DSM-IV

  • recurring uncontrolled panic attacks as well as persistent worry about having additional attacks and their consequences
  • presence of significant changes in behaviour related to panic, e.g., avoid exercise as it may increase HR
17
Q

Diagnosis of Agoraphobia

A

DSM-IV

  • marked fear or anxiety about being in places from which escape is difficult e.g. public transport, enclosed spaces
  • feared situations are actively avoided or endured with intense fear
18
Q

epidemiology (Panic Disorder)

A
  • panic disorder: 3.5%

- panic disorder is somewhat common among F more than do in M

19
Q

epidemiology (Agoraphobia)

A
  • agoraphobia: 2.3%

- the proportion of F to M increase as the severity of agoraphobia increases

20
Q

aetiology of Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia

A
  • generalised biological vulnerability
    • genetics
    • e.g. neuroticism
  • generalised psychological vulnerability
    • one’s beliefs, thoughts
    • e.g. anxiety sensitivity
  • specific psychological vulnerability
    • e.g. catastrophising physical sensations
21
Q

Treatment - Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia

A
  • meds
  • CBT including graded exposure to feared situations
  • psychoeducation
22
Q

Diagnosis of Social Anxiety disorder

A
  • fear of evaluation by other people
  • marked fear or anxiety in social situations
  • fear of negative evaluation by others
  • the anxiety interferes with individual’s functioning
23
Q

epidemiology (Social Anxiety disorder)

A
  • SAD is one of the most common and earliest in onset of the disorder
  • half report onset prior to 12 y.o
  • lifetime prevalence is 8%
  • more common among F
24
Q

aetiology (Social Anxiety disorder)

A
  • twin studies support a genetic vulnerability
  • excessive parental criticism may undermine self-confidence
    • criticism > is it the individual’s perception (by self)or fact of the indv (by others)?
  • cognitive dysfunctions may distort the way in which people perceive how others evaluate them
25
Q

Treatment (Social Anxiety disorder)

A
  • CBT, individually or in groups
  • psychoedu
  • challenge negative cognitions
    • some issues can be changed, others may not be… if not, how can it be overcomed?
  • exposure to feared social situations
    • gradual exposure to feared situations
  • imagery rescripting
26
Q

Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)

A
  • excessive worry and anxiety about a number of events i.e. work, r/s, health, etc.
  • worry or anxiety must have been present on most days for at least 6 mths
  • worry is difficult to control, is also associated with symptoms i.e. sleep issues and agitation
27
Q

epidemiology (GAD)

A
  • lifetime prevalence is 6.1%
  • more common in F than M
  • early age of onset
28
Q

aetiology (GAD)

A
  • information processing model
    • are vigilant for potential threats
  • meta-cognitive model
    • hold both positive and negative beliefs about worry
  • avoidance theory of worry
    • use worry as a strategy to avoid fears or concerns
  • intolerance of uncertainty model
    • have a need to control
29
Q

treatment - GAD

A
  • meds - for management
  • CBT - relaxation training and graded exposure
  • interpersonal psychotheraoy
    • addresses interpersonal problems
  • mindfulness meditation
    • individuals learn to be more present-focused, rather than future focused

Abnormal Psych (4 decks)

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