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AP European > Ap Euro History > Flashcards

Ap Euro History Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 isms of the Renaissance?

A
  1. Individualism
  2. Secularism
  3. Humanism
  4. Classicism
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2
Q

What was the Renaissance?

A

“Rebirth”

  1. From the plague
  2. Classical learning &; a rediscovery of of Classical Greek and Roman culture
  3. Basically secular conception
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3
Q

What were 3 reasons that the Renaissance started it Italy?

A
  1. The great schism
  2. Italian heritage
  3. Major trading center
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4
Q

What happened after the sack of Rome?

A

The Italian Renaissance faded away

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5
Q

What where some purposes were seen in the study of Latin?

A

To give skill in the use of language, including the pupils native tongue

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6
Q

The Italian humanists wrote a great deal in?

A

Latin

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7
Q

What is mysticism?

A

The essence of it lay in belief, or experience, that the individual soul could in perfect solitude commune directly with God.

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8
Q

The northern Renaissance of was blend of?

A

Old and new. In it, above all, the religious element was stronger than in Italy

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9
Q

After the sack of Rome, Italy remained politically divided for how many years?

A

300 years

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10
Q

Johannes Tetzel

A
  • a friar
  • authorized by pope to finance the building of St. Peter’s in Rome
  • sold indulgences
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11
Q

Ulrich Zwingi

A

Reformer. Founded Anabaptism

Switzerland area

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12
Q

John Wycliffe & Jhon Hus

A

Wycliffe questioned the authority of the pope & Hus criticized the vast wealth of the church

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13
Q

Martin Luther

A

Founder of Lutheranism. 95 theses
Had two major problems with the church:
-indulgences
-justification process

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14
Q

Who was Pope Leo X?

A

Demanded Luther recant 41 of his 95 theses

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15
Q

Diet of Worms

A

Basically a council. Wanted Martin Luther to recant 41 of his 95 theses, he refused and was excommunicated.

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16
Q

Charles V

A
  • HRE Emperor
  • gradually expanded Habsburg influence in Central Europe
  • wanted to unite all kingdoms under Catholicism.
  • juros
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17
Q

Fundamental beliefs of Lutheranism

A
  • salvation only comes from faith
  • bible is the only source of truth
  • people should read &I understand the bible themselves.
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18
Q

Holy Roman Empire

A

3 kinds of state in the empire:

  • princely states-each had kind of a monarchy
  • ecclesiastical states-kind of ruled by a bishop or abbot
  • imperial free cities
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19
Q

The Habsburg family

A

Noble family that through strategic marriages elevated Emperor Charles V, to rule and empire where “the sun never set.” Always trying to control Europe.

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20
Q

Inquisition and reconquista of the Protestant reformation

A

Inquisition- Catholic Church officials tortured Muslims and Jew to convert to Christianity

Reconquista- when the people of Spain and Portugal United to take back their land from Muslims (taking back Spain for Christian church)

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21
Q

John Calvin and the institutes of Christian religion

A 
French reformer. 
Institutes of Christian religion 
-appealed to human reason itself 
-wrote of the trained lawyer 
-dealt with the most basic theological issues 
---- need more info!
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22
Q

Predestination

A

In Calvinism, it is predetermined by God if you were damned or saved. Nothing can change it

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23
Q

John Knox

A

Mf

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24
Q

Huguenots

A

French Calvinists. The Protestant religions

-fought for religious liberty

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25
Q

Henry VIII

A
  • Act of supremacy
  • becomes head of church
  • destroys Catholic shrines and orders the great bible to (in English) be placed in all the churches
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26
Q

What was the Council of Trent?

A
  • Reaffirmed Latin as official language
  • justification- faith combined with “pure” living
  • the 7 sacraments must be upheld
  • makes reforms
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27
Q

Jesuits/ Society of Jesus

A

The primary role of the Jesuits or the Society of Jesus is to serve God alone, train the young and ignorant in Christianity, and to spread word of Christian life through public preaching.

  • more directed toward active participation in the world
  • only men of proven strength and character were admitted
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28
Q

Fundamental beliefs of Calvinism

A
  • absolute power &; supremacy of God
  • man was sinful and could only approach God through faith, not mass gatherings
  • salvation is predetermined
  • a person controlled their own goodness, not the pope
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29
Q

Fundamental beliefs of Anabaptism

A

Believed in justification through adult baptism

  • refuses to do military service
  • free will
  • pastors supported by their congregation
  • tendency towards equality
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30
Q

Fundamental beliefs of Anglicanism

A

Justification by being English. Same concepts as Catholicism but with annulments.

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31
Q

What was the Peace of Augsburg?

A
  • signified victory for the cause of Lutheranism and states rights
  • each state of the empire received liberty to be either Lutheran or Catholic as it chose
  • “he who rules his religion”
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32
Q

Medici family

A

Very powerful family; furnished numerous cardinals, two popes, and two Medici women became queens of France.

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32
Q

Machiavelli

A

The prince

  • “the end justifies the means”
  • “better to be feared than loved”
  • “ruler keeps power by any means necessary”
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33
Q

Individualism

A

The emphasis of men and their achievements. Men shaping their destiny. Men had “virtue”
Man knew what he was doing &I he made the most of opportunities presented to him. The belief that each person is important and has worth.

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34
Q

Secularism

A

Dealing with non-religious subject matter. Art that deals with human topics. Anything with no facts was/is ruled a myth.

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35
Q

Humanism

A

A system of thought that focuses on humanity as a whole and their beliefs, thoughts, etc. Tries to balance religion with the power of the human mind. The study of history, literature, public speaking and a new way of thinking.

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36
Q

Classicism

A

Having an interest in the art & the learnings of the Greek and Romans.

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37
Q

Lutheranism

A

Luther changing wicked ways with his 95 theses at hand
Until this time coins clanged and churches sang
Those learned thou shalt be saved by faith alone
His teachings included the Sola Scriptura
Eventual uprisings taking place
Read the bible for his saving grace
And Luther refused to recant and took his place
New times emerging
Immoral stands now burning
Souls can no longer be saved by a coin
Man must justify thyself

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38
Q

Calvinism

A

Calvin believed in behaving as God wished
All who are corrupt are to be confronted by the omnipotent
Lo God is the lawgiver and judge of thee
Vital belief in predestination
Inner conviction of salvation achievable for reprobates
Never falling from grace are the elects
If you’re inherently corrupt you know your fate
Seats in hell for reprobates
Man becomes what God wills

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39
Q

Anglicanism

A

And those not of English descent be damned
Named the defender of faith was King Henry the 8th
General church order stems from ancient times
Loyalty to a way of worship and life
Involves scripture, tradition, and reason threaded as one
Core of all Christian faith is the bible
A firm commitment to the ministry of the whole people of God
Now the ordained ministry of beacon, priest, and bishop
Insistent upon the sacraments
Sacraments are that of baptism, the Eucharist, and holy communion
Maintained as the Church of England

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40
Q

Anabaptism

A

Anabaptist reformer Ulrich Zwingi
Newest life considered safe
Another separation of church and state
Baptism with 18 trips around the sun
Anabaptist leaders were mostly executed by 16th centuries end
Persecuted in Europe by both Roman and other Protestant groups
True baptism required public confession of sin and faith
Indeed anabaptists rallied under the leadership of Menno Simons
Saved is the community of the church
Mennonites continue to treasure the teachings of Menno

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41
Q

When did the English, Dutch, and French join the Age of Exploration search? Why hadn’t they when Spain and Portugal started it?

A

1600s. They were mostly busy with the religious wars.

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42
Q

What were some reasons for the Age of Exploration?

A
  1. New source of wealth.
  2. Spread of Christianity, crusades along with technological improvements helped.
  3. Marco Polo’s excursion to China- expanded possibilities for Europeans.
43
Q

What was the Columbian exchange?

A

Colonization of the Americas. Natives, Indians, and explorers. Exchanged plants, DISEASE, people, culture, etc. (global transfer)

44
Q

What is mercantilism?

A

A government based on getting wealth based on establishing colonies, merchant marines, developing industries, and mining to attain more $ than they are pulling out.

45
Q

Who conquered/demolished the Aztecs?

A

Cortez

46
Q

Who conquered/demolished the Incas?

A

Pizzaro

47
Q

Conquistadors

A

Successful because of superior weaponry, disease, and the act of enlisting help from small native groups.

48
Q

What did Columbus do in the Age of Exploration?

A

Funded by Spain. Reaches San Salvador and discovers America.

49
Q

What did De Gama do in the Age of Exploration?

A

Proved you could go to India.

50
Q

What did Prince Henry the Navigator do in the Age of Exploration?

A

Claimed Northern Africa for Portugal

51
Q

What did Dias do in the Age of Exploration?

A

Rounded Africa. Basically claimed the continent for Portugal.

52
Q

What did Magellan do in the Age of Exploration?

A

First to circumnavigate the world.

53
Q

Treaty of Tordesillas

A

Everything east-Portugal

Everything west- Spain

54
Q

What was the Conciliar Movement in the Renaissance?

A

A council declared both reigning popes deposed and obtained the due election of another. However both popes refused & there were now 3 popes. When the schism ended, all 3 popes were persuaded/compelled to drop out and Martin V was elected. The papacy was restored.

55
Q

What was the European vernacular?

A

The common spoken tongue as opposed to Latin.

56
Q

Who is often called the father of humanism?

A

Petrarch. In short, he made literature become a kind of calling, and also a consideration of moral philosophy, still related but no longer subordinate to religion. He was a indication of things to come along with obviously being a humanist.

57
Q

How did the Renaissance change education?

A

It launched the idea of putting different age groups/skill levels into a separate class room instead of a big jumble. Latin remained the main subject with Greek now added. However many new purposes were seen in the study of Latin.

58
Q

Castiglione

A

The courtier.
-“leaders are role models and should act accordingly to inspire their people”
-“ideals do matter in government”
Kinda the opposite of Machiavelli.

59
Q

Erasmus of Rotterdam

A

Praise of folly.
Greatest of all the northern humanists. He was aware of the need to reform clergy. Put his faith in education, enlightened discussion, and gradual moral improvement.

60
Q

What was the Edict of Nantes?

A

It granted every seigneur, or noble who was a manorial lord, the right to hold Protestant services in his own household. It promised the Protestants should enjoy the same civil rights as Catholics.

61
Q

DO THE RELIGIOUS WARS

A

RIGHT NOW

62
Q

What were the 3 main events in the moderate phase of the French revolution?

A

The storming of the Bastille, National Assembly, and declaration of rights

62
Q

What was the ancient regime

A

Basically old Europe. French wanted to show monarchies didn’t have divine right. Wanted new government

63
Q

What was the Reign of Terror

A

During French Revolution. Everybody was scared and accusing each other. Trying to suppress counterrevolution. The convention and committee of public safety set it up. Anyone could be accused. Thousands died. Led by jacobins. Causing National Assembly to abolish monarchy and rule France with National Assembly

64
Q

What was a bigger effect of the French Revolution?

A

It was the beginning of democracy and it would lead to most of the world being run by it.

65
Q

What was the continental system Napoleon created and what happened

A

It was created when Napoleon 1st defeated all his surrounding neighbors. Except Great Britain. Napoleon tried to block off Britain but Russia backed out, screwed it all up. So the plan fell as did most of army when he tried to invade Russia as payback

66
Q

What was 3 things the Napoleonic code did for Europe?

A

Made sure France was legally and judicially form. Assured French citizens same civil rights. More education, mostly for middle class.(brain washed) all of this strengthened Europe

67
Q

What was a reason religion changed during the French Revolution

A

When the Catholic Church became linked to counterrevolution and ancient regime. Said Sunday’s weren’t for religion anymore but rather “the nation” then again when Napoleon did dechristinaztion. Creating a temple of reason. A religion which recognized God and the immortality of the soul.

68
Q

Napoleon hero or villain?

A

Personally: hero. Fought and defeated coalitions. Created peace and unity. Made education more available, which created strong social mind. Assured civil rights. Expanded equality. For awhile united France with Europe. Began long road to equality

69
Q

Lockes beliefs

A

Men in the state of nature are free and equal and at liberty to do as they wish-but only w/in the bounds of nature

70
Q

Voltaires beliefs

A

Spread deism. Fought for civil rights. Universe based on reason, not religion.

71
Q

Montesquieus beliefs

A

“In every government there are three sets of powers” governments need not be permanent. They should be a reflection of people and the times

72
Q

Hobbes beliefs

A

Men are free and independent. Having a right to pursue their own self interest and no duties to one another

73
Q

Rousseau’s beliefs

A

“Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains”

74
Q

Tudor dynasty

A

Issues around royal succession became major political theme during the era.

75
Q

Habsburg dynasty

A

Noble family that through strategic marriages elevated emperor Charles V to rule HRE. Always trying to control Europe.

76
Q

Valois dynasty

A

Succeeded the house of Capet to the French throne and were the royal house of France from 1328-1589
Not that important

77
Q

What was the St. Bartolomews day massacre?

A

Catherine De’ Medici decided to rid herself of Huguenot heads in one blow. Murdered a bunch at daughters wedding. How nice

78
Q

What was the Peace of Wesphalia

A

Ended the 30 years war. Religious freedom restored. HRE’s power dissolves.

79
Q

Who was Henry IV (France)

A

“Paris is worth a mass” issued edict of Nantes. (Guaranteed civil rights for Huguenots)

80
Q

Who was Louis XIV (France)

A

“Sun King” France was a great power by him but also left in huge debt from wars and building Versailles. Resentment eventually leads to Revolution.

81
Q

Who was Oliver Cromwell

A

“Ruled” during interregnum period(between absolute and constitutional monarchy) Served as general during English civil on parliamentarian side.

82
Q

Who was Phillip II (Spain)

A

Ministerial and territorial councils. Plunged empire into more and more debt. Mostly contributed to fall of Spain.

83
Q

Dutch revolt

A

Uprising of Spanish colonies in Netherlands. Commonly called 80 years war. 1st part ended with 12 yrs truce, 2nd part ended with peace of Westphalia

84
Q

30 years war results

A

HRE’s power dissolves. Beginning of “modern Europe”

85
Q

Spanish Armada

A

130 ships sailed with purpose of escorting army to invade England. Didn’t work, wind pushed them back and gave England time to get ready. Contributed to fall of Spain

86
Q

What’s an absolute monarch

A

Divine right- the monarch is subject to no earthly authority, right to rule from God

87
Q

Constitutional monarch

A

King/queen acts as head but ability to make/pass laws resides w/ elected parliament

88
Q

What caused the decline of Poland

A

Part of the HRE, remained politically divided. Government was a fiasco. The monopoly of law and force failed to develop

89
Q

What was a cause of French monetary decline in French Revolution

A

As part of the reign of terror, inflation

90
Q

What were the jacobins

A

Radicals during French Revolution. Creating new world and wanted moral government and lots of government involvement.

91
Q

What were the Girondins

A

Moderates. Wanted constitutional government and little involvement in economy from it

92
Q

What was the ancient regime

A

The system of feudalism in France. (Divided into 3 estates. Pre Revolution times. All rights/status derived from social standing

93
Q

What did the moderate phase of the French Revolution involve?

A

Declaration of rights, October days, King Louis’s failed escape and revolutionaries form constitution

94
Q

What did the radical phase of the French Revolution involve

A

San-Culottes, economic crisis, September massacre, reign of terror and religious terror

95
Q

What were enlightenment views on the natural around French Revolution

A
  • Thomas Malthus: pop. Will outpace food.
  • David Ricardo: Iron law of wages
  • Utilitarians: goal of society is the greatest good for greatest #
  • Socialist: basically Utopias
96
Q

Constitution of 1791 (France)

A

French created National Assembly. Retained monarchy but sovereignty resided with legislative assembly

97
Q

Cause of industrial revolution

A

Innovation was rewarded in England. There were no labor/crop restrictions and literacy was valued

98
Q

What was the factory act of 1833

A

Basically debt with child labor and its poor working conditions

99
Q

David Ricardo

A

Iron law of wages. Wages in the long run, will always return to subsistence level

100
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

Population will outgrow food supply. Society needs to find ways to suppress population growth

101
Q

Karl marxs

A

(Utopias) socialist

Communist manifesto

102
Q

What were the corn laws

A

Taxes put on imports of corn, grains, and other agricultural products to try and make people buy locally

103
Q

Robert Owen

A

Recreation of utopia study

AP European (1 decks)

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