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AP exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air in the lungs and pulmonary capillaries is known as what type of respiration?

A

External respiration

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2
Q

When there is more CO2 (which turns into H2CO3) in an animal’s blood, does that commonly make the blood more

A

More acidic (lower pH)

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3
Q

An owner has a bitch who whelped overnight and finds one dead puppy. One way to tell if a dead newborn puppy died in utero vs after it was born puppy is to:

A

See if it’s lungs float if placed in water

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4
Q

What one single structure ensures food goes into esophagus vs the trachea

A

Epiglottis

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5
Q

The main muscles of INSPIRATORY breathing is the ——- and the external ——– muscles

A

diaphragm, Intercostal

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6
Q

What part of the brain controls breathing?

A

Medulla Oblongata

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7
Q

What structure connects the pharynx to the trachea

A

Larynx

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8
Q

What controls breathing

A

Medulla oblongata

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9
Q

Name 4 secondary functions of the respiratory system

A

Voice, smell, acid-base, temp

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10
Q

Name 2+ functions of the nasal cavity to condition air

A

Humidify, filter, warm

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11
Q

What structure increases surface area of nasal passage

A

Turbinates

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12
Q

What is the hardest substance in the body?

A

Enamel

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13
Q

What structures anchor teeth into alveoli?

A

Periodontal Ligaments

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14
Q

What term describes the act of grasping food and bringing it into the mouth?

A

Prehension

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15
Q

A layer of epithelium, the lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae are layers that are part of what part of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa

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16
Q

The line separating the right & left upper lips of an animal is called what?

A

Philtrum

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17
Q

What structure separates the rostral oral cavity from the rostral nasal cavity?

A

Hard Palate

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18
Q

What structure is the main structure that blocks & protects the larynx when an animal is swallowing?

A

Epiglottis

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19
Q

What is hardest substance in the body

A

Enamel

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20
Q

What is deglutition

A

Swallowing

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21
Q

What prevents stomach contents from going back up esophagus

A

Cardiac Sphincter

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22
Q

What three movements of TMJ

A

Flex, Extend, Translocation

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23
Q

What kind of teeth do Horses, Lagomorphs, and rodents have?

A

Hypsodont

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24
Q

What does the Myenteric plexus control?

A

Peristalsis

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25
What structure prevents food from coming back up into the esophagus from the stomach?
Cardiac Sphincter
26
What is another name for the secondary reticulorumen contractions in ruminants where methane and carbon dioxide are expelled?
Eructation
27
The webbed-looking, serous membrane in the abdominal cavity that is extra thick (double-layered), links the stomach to the abdominal wall & other organs, and stores fat is called what?
Omentum
28
What is the name of acidic, hypertonic food material after it has been in the stomach?
Chyme
29
What does pepsin help break down?
Proteins
30
What part of a monogastric stomach is made to expand as the stomach fills with food?
Fundus
31
True Stomach
Abomasum
32
Absorbs water and salt
Omasum
33
Honeycomb appearance
Reticulum
34
Fermentation takes place in the
Rumen
35
What enzyme breaks down starches, and where does it first start
Amylase, Saliva (Mouth)
36
Which phase of secretion starts with anticipation of the meal
Cephalic phase
37
What are the two types of digestion?
Mechanical, Chemical
38
What structure in the neonatal ruminant allows milk to bypass the rumen and go straight to the glandular stomach?
Esophageal groove
39
What does the Chief cells secrete?
Pepsinogen
40
What hormone regulates pyloric emptying, releases pancreatic enzymes, Squeezes gall bladder, and other functions
CCK – Cholecystokinin
41
Fat
Lipase
42
Starch
Amylase
43
Proteins
Protease
44
Which structure is NOT included in the portal triad?
Central Vein
45
Where does the portal duct enter the GI system?
Jejunum
46
The major storage form of glucose in the liver is?
Glycogen
47
Colon Type - Short Ascending
Carnivore
48
Colon Type - Spiral S Shaped Coiling down and up
Ruminant
49
Colon Type - Spiral Cone Shaped
Swine
50
Colon Type - Double Horse-Shoe shaped dorsal and ventral ascending colon
Equine
51
What are the vessels in the hepatic triad?
Hepatic PORTAL vein, Hepatic artery, Bile duct
52
What cell in the liver is the Macrophage that self-replicates?
Kupffer Cell
53
Where SPECIFICALLY do horses ferment?
Cecum
54
What are the 2 liver surfaces?
Diaphragmatic, Visceral
55
What are the 2 primary movements of the Small Intestines?
Peristalsis, Segmentation
56
Where do large chain sugars get broken down into the final glucose to be absorbed?
Membrane (Membrane digestion)
57
The process of breaking down fat globules
Emulsification
58
The consumption of feces
Coprophagia
59
The movement of undigested food back up the esophagus toward the mouth
Regurgitation
60
The act of chewing
Mastication
61
The process of expelling feces
Defecation
62
A wavelike motion that progressively moves through a tubular organ such as the small intestine
Peristalsis
63
The structure in the pharynx that prevents food from entering the trachea
Epiglottis
64
This substance forms the bulk of the tooth and surrounds the pulp
Dentin
65
The lateral and rostral movement of the temporomandibular joint?
Translation
66
The upper left canine tooth in the triadan system
204
67
Longest part of the small intestine
Jejunum
68
Sacculations in the colon and large intestine of horses and rabbits
Haustra
69
The two general sources that result in excessive bilirubin and jaundice
Bile Acid - Liver, Heme - Blood
70
This phase of GI secretions start with smell and sight
Cephalic Phase
71
This hormone stimulates bile secretion and slows stomach emptying
CCK
72
In cattle, chewing the cud
Rumination
73
These bulging sac like structures found mostly in the horse colon and cecum
Haustra
74
In which 2 chambers of a ruminant stomach does fermentation take place
Rumen and Reticulum
75
The True Glandular stomach of a ruminant
Abomasum
76
Dead microbes in a ruminants GI Tract can be absorbed for what source of nutrient
Protein
77
What structure marks the transition of upper and lower respiratory tract
Larynx
78
Where does external respiration occur
Alveoli
79
The medial part of the lungs where bronchi, Blood Vessels, Lymph Vessels, and Nerve Enter and leave the lungs is called what
Hilus
80
Alveoli in the lung are lined with a thin layer of fluid that reduces surface tension and is called what
Surfactant
81
The exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood in capillaries and Tissues/Cells of the body is what type of respiration
Internal respiration
82
Which term refers to the volume of air inspired and expired in 1 breath
Tidal volume
83
Increasing this in the blood makes it more acidic
CO2
84
These structures divide one side of a nasal passage into three main passageways
Turbinates
85
This structure provides smell, humidity, filtering, and temperature control
Nasal Cavity
86
What terms refers to the pressure of each individual gas in air or in a liquid
Partial Pressure
87
This bone holds the larynx place
Hyoid
88
Process of production of glucose from non-carb sources in the liver
Gluconeogenesis
89
Enterohepatic circulations revolves around what product/chemical
Bile Salts
90
The main basic building block of energy for ruminants
Volatile fatty acids
91
The disease process that occurs during starvation when fat is used for energy
Ketosis

AP Exams (1 decks)

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