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AP psych exam Flashcards

1
Q

a disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person experiences very specific, physical symptoms that are not compatible with recognized medical or neurological conditions

A

Conversion disorder

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2
Q

controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

A

Dissociative disorder

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3
Q

a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state

A

Bipolar disorder

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4
Q

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hyper vigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

A

PTSD

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5
Q

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

A

Generalized anxiety disorder

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6
Q

a disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

A

Schizophrenia

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7
Q

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

A

Personality disorder

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8
Q

a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members

A

Antisocial personality disorder

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9
Q

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

A

Hallucinations

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10
Q

a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

A

Delusions

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11
Q

characterized by motor behaviors ranging from a physical stupor—remaining motionless for hours—to senseless, compulsive actions, such as continually rocking or rubbing an arm, to severe and dangerous agitation

A

Catatonia

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12
Q

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

A

Chunking

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13
Q

retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know

A

Explicit memory

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14
Q

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

A

Implicit memory

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15
Q

The portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the brain stem. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, and other complex motor functions

A

Cerebellum

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16
Q

the elongated ridges on the floor of each lateral ventricle of the brain, thought to be the center of emotion, memory, and the autonomic nervous system

A

Hippocampus

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17
Q

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

A

Algorithm

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18
Q

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge

A

Semantics

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19
Q

the process of getting information out of memory storage

A

Retrieval

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20
Q

a phenomenon that can be described in one of two ways: Older brothers increase the odds of homosexuality in later-born males or, alternatively, homosexual men tend to have more older brothers than do heterosexual men

A

Fraternal birth order effect

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21
Q

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion

A

Cannon-Bard theory

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22
Q

the tendency for people to be more willing to help or aid others when they feel good about themselves or are already in a good mood

A

Feel good do good phenomenon

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23
Q

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

A

Facial feedback effect

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24
Q

in human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm

A

Refractory period

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25
Q

processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously

A

Parallel processing

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26
Q

preconventional, conventional, and postconventional

A

Kohlberg’s moral development theory

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27
Q

a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities

A

Alzheimer’s

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28
Q

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

A

Drive reduction theory

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29
Q

five categories of human needs dictate an individual’s behavior

A

Hierarchy of motives

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30
Q

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

A

Homeostasis

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31
Q

the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

A

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development-Sensorimotor

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32
Q

the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

A

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development- Preoperational

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33
Q

the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

A

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development- Concrete operational

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34
Q

the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

A

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development- Formal operational

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35
Q

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on separation

A

Attachment

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36
Q

They impose rules and expect obedience

A

Parenting styles- Authoritarian

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37
Q

unrestraining; They make few demands, set few limits, and use little punishment

A

Parenting styles- Permissive

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38
Q

uninvolved; They are neither demanding nor responsive

A

Parenting styles- Negligent

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39
Q

confrontive; They are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules, but, especially with older children, they encourage open discussion and allow exceptions

A

Parenting styles- Authoritative

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40
Q

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

A

Gender typing

41
Q

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

A

Adolescence

42
Q

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

A

Puberty

43
Q

the first menstrual period

A

Menarche

44
Q

giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly

A

Collectivism

45
Q

giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

A

Individualism

46
Q

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

A

Developmental psychology

47
Q

the psychological specialty that provides continuing and comprehensive mental and behavioral health care for individuals, couples, families, and groups

A

Clinical psychology

48
Q

deals with social interactions, including their origins and their effects on the individual

A

Social psychology

49
Q

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

50
Q

decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus

A

Habituation

51
Q

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

A

Maturation

52
Q

excessive self-love and self-absorption

A

Narcissism

53
Q

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

A

Self serving bias

54
Q

overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

A

Spotlight effect

55
Q

attributes academic success or failure to luck or chance, a higher power or the influence of another person

A

External locus of control

56
Q

means that you believe that your own actions have an impact

A

Internal locus of control

57
Q

the controversy concerning whether the person or the situation is more influential in determining a person’s behavior

A

Person situation controversy

58
Q

the focus is on the unconscious mind rather than the conscious mind

A

Psychoanalytic perspective

59
Q

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

A

Psycho sexual stages

60
Q

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion

A

The big five

61
Q

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

A

Unconditional positive regard

62
Q

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes

A

MMPI

63
Q

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

A

TAT

64
Q

introspective self-report questionnaire indicating differing psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions

A

Myers Briggs type indicator

65
Q

extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism

A

Eysenk’s basic personality dimensions

66
Q

a projective psychological test in which subjects’ perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation, complex algorithms, or both

A

Rorschach test

67
Q

psychologists whose work followed from Freud’s. They generally agreed with Freud that childhood experiences matter, but they decreased the emphasis on sex as a source of energy and conflict while focusing more on the social environment and effects of culture on personality

A

Neo freudians

68
Q

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

A

Terror management theory

69
Q

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved

A

Self actualization

70
Q

its concepts are too vague. Critics argue that subjective ideas such as authentic and real experiences are difficult to objectify

A

Humanistic theorist and criticisms

71
Q

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

A

Unconscious

72
Q

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

A

Id

73
Q

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality

A

Ego

74
Q

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

A

Superego

75
Q

according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

A

Oedipus complex

76
Q

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

A

Free association

77
Q

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

A

Personality

78
Q

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test

A

Factor analysis

79
Q

Psychoanalysis- attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

A

Freud’s Personality Theory and Criticisms

80
Q

achievement and IQ tests are probably heavily culturally biased

A

Intelligence Test Biasness

81
Q

the observation that sometimes our beliefs about others can lead us to treat them in such a way that they subsequently become what we expect them to be

A

Self Fulfilling Prophecies

82
Q

a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

A

Down Syndrome

83
Q

the extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to

A

Validity

84
Q

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting

A

Reliability

85
Q

a secular increase in population intelligence quotient (IQ) observed throughout the 20th century

A

Flynn Effect

86
Q

a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data

A

Normal Curve

87
Q

defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

A

Standardization

88
Q

a test designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

A

Aptitude Test

89
Q

a test designed to assess what a person has learned

A

Achievement Test

90
Q

defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca × 100)

A

IQ

91
Q

the widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test

A

Stanford-Binet

92
Q

its companion versions for children are the most widely used intelligence tests

A

WAIS

93
Q

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

A

Emotional Intelligence

94
Q

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

A

Savant Syndrome

95
Q

when you think of or treat something abstract as a physical thing

A

Reification

96
Q

Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic technique used in treating psychological disorders. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist’s interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

A

psychoanalysis

97
Q

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth

A

Client centered approach

98
Q

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

A

Counter conditioning techniques

99
Q

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy

A

Cognitive behavioral therapy

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