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ap pysch > ap psych modules 1-24 > Flashcards

ap psych modules 1-24 Flashcards

1
Q

critical thinking

A

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

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2
Q

empiricism

A

the idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge.

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3
Q

structuralism

A

an early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.

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4
Q

introspection

A

the process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one’s own psychological processes.

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5
Q

why is introspection/structuralism flawed?

A

it is unreliable, it varies from person to person, and recollections frequently err.

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6
Q

functionalism

A

an early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

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7
Q

who wrote the first psychology textbook?

A

William James, the Principles of Psychology.

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8
Q

first woman president of the American Psychological Association

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

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9
Q

first official female psychology PH.D. and second APA female president

A

Margaret Floy Washburn

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10
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

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11
Q

main people of behaviorism

A

john b Watson and B.F. Skinner

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12
Q

Freudian Psychoanalytic Psychology

A

emphasized the ways our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behavior.

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13
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

a historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential.

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14
Q

main people of humanistic

A

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

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15
Q

cognitive psychology

A

the study of mental processes, such as occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems.

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16
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition(including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

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17
Q

psychology

A

the science of behavior and mental processes

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18
Q

nature vs nurture

A

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

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19
Q

natural selection

A

the principle that inherited traitss that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particulat environment will most likely be passed on

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20
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.

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21
Q

behavior genetics

A

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

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22
Q

famous philosophers for nature

A

Socrates, Plato, and Locke

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23
Q

famous philosophers for nature

A

Aristotle and Descates

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24
Q

culture

A

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

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25
Q

positive psychology

A

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

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26
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints.

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27
Q

behavioral psychology

A

the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.

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28
Q

biological psychology

A

the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes.

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29
Q

psychodynamic psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.

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30
Q

social-cultural psychology

A

the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.

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31
Q

testing effect

A

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information. Also referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

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32
Q

SQ3R

A

study method of- Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review.

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33
Q

psychometrics

A

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.

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34
Q

basic research

A

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

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35
Q

developmental psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

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36
Q

educational psychology

A

the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.

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37
Q

personality psychology

A

the study of individuals’ characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting.

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38
Q

social psychology

A

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

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39
Q

applied research

A

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

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40
Q

I/O psychology

A

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.

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41
Q

human factors psychology

A

a field of psychology allied with I/O psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.

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42
Q

counseling psychology

A

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being.

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43
Q

clinical psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

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44
Q

psychiatry

A

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who are licensed to provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy.

45
Q

community psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.

46
Q

hindsight bias

A

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

47
Q

overconfidence

A

answer more with confidence than correctly

48
Q

order in random events

A

random sequences often don’t look random

49
Q

what is wrong with hindsight bias, overconfidence, and order in random events.

A

overestimate the value of commonsense thinking.

50
Q

ethics needed

A

1) informed consent
2)protect participants from greater-than-usual harm and discomfort
3) confidentiality
4) debrief
5) does it benefit humanity

51
Q

inferential statistics

A

numerical data that sallow one to generalize to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

52
Q

statistical significance

A

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.

53
Q

5% rule

A

statistical significant if the odds of it occurring by chance are less than 5 percent.

54
Q

phrenology

A

Fran Gall came up with it, its studying the bumps on the skull

55
Q

what was the one good thing about phrenology

A

it was correct on the localization of function

56
Q

neuron

A

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.

57
Q

cell body

A

the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus; the cell’s life-support center

58
Q

dendrites

A

a neuron’s often bushy, branching extensions that receive and integrate messages, conducting impulses toward the cell body.

59
Q

axon

A

the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands.

60
Q

myelin sheath

A

a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly grater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next.

61
Q

glial cells

A

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory

62
Q

action potential

A

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.

63
Q

threshold

A

the level of stimulation requiered to trigger a neural impulse.

64
Q

refractory period

A

in neural processing, a brief resting pause occurs after a neuron has fired; subsequent action potentials cannot occur until that axon returns to its resting state.

65
Q

all or none response

A

a neuron’s reaction of either firing or not firing.

66
Q

what happens if the myelin sheath degenerates

A

communication to muscles slows, with eventual loss of muscle control. Multiple sclerosis

67
Q

Dendrites is to ___, as Axons is to____

A

listen, speak or short, long

68
Q

neurons are like queen bees;
Glial cells are like ____

A

worker bees. providing nutrients and insulating myelin, guiding neural connections, and mopping up ions and neurotransmitters. They play a role in learning, thinking, and memory, they participate in information transmission and memory.

69
Q

what chemical elements are the ions in your brain mostly

A

positively charged sodium and negatively charged potassium

70
Q

what part of the neural process is selectively permeable

A

the axon’s surface because it is selective about what it allows through its gates.

71
Q

resting potential

A

the positive-outside/negative-inside state of the axon’s surface

72
Q

depolarization

A

when a neuron fires, the first section of the axon opens its gates, and positively charged sodium ions flood in through the now-open channels. The loss of the inside/outside charge difference is depolarization

73
Q

synapse

A

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft.

74
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.

75
Q

reuptake

A

a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron

76
Q

acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Enables muscle action, learning, and memory

77
Q

Dopamine

A

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion
(LAMPPS)

78
Q

Serotonin

A

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

79
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Helps control alertness and arousal

80
Q

GABA
Gamma-aminobutyric acid

A

inhibitory- calming effect slows your brain

81
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory
Involved in memory

82
Q

Endorphins

A

Neurotransmitters that influence the perception of pain or pleasure

83
Q

agonist

A

a molecule that increases a neurotransmitter’s action

84
Q

antagonist

A

a molecule that inhibits or blocks a neurotransmitter’s action

85
Q

Nervous system

A

the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.

86
Q

Central nervous system
(CNS)

A

the brian and spinal cord.

87
Q

peripheral nervous system
(PNS)

A

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

88
Q

nerves

A

bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.

89
Q

sensory neurons

A

neurons that carry incoming information from the body’s issues and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

90
Q

motor neurons

A

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

91
Q

interneurons

A

neurons within the brain and spinal cord; they communicate internally and process information between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.

92
Q

somatic nervous system

A

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system

93
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs, its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

94
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy.

95
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.

96
Q

neural networks

A

the brain’s neurons cluster into work groups

97
Q

reflex

A

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus

98
Q

endocrine system

A

the body’s slow chemical communication system;a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

99
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues.

100
Q

adrenal glands

A

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse3 the body in times of stress.

101
Q

pituitary gland

A

the endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

102
Q

lesion

A

tissue destruction. a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.

103
Q

EEG
(electroencephalogram)

A

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

104
Q

MEG
(magnetoencephalography)

A

a brain imaging technique that measures magnetic fields from the brain’s natural electrical activity.

105
Q

CT scan
(computed tomography)

A

a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain’s structure.

106
Q

PET scan
(positron emission tomography)

A

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.

107
Q

MRI
(magnetic resonance imaging)

A

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.

108
Q

What brain scan shows the little lines on paper

A

EEG because it measures the electricity from the surface of your brain it can’t show a complete picture.

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