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anatomy > Appendicular skeleton, joints, muscles > Flashcards

Appendicular skeleton, joints, muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton

A

Arms and Legs

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2
Q

Bones of the hands

A

carpals, metacarpals and phalanges

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3
Q

Bones of the feet

A

talus, calcaneus, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

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4
Q

What is a joint

A

A joint is the part of the body where two or more bones meet to allow movement

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5
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Tissue that attaches a muscle to other body parts

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6
Q

What is a ligament

A

a fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

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7
Q

what is a bursa

A

closed, fluid-filled sac that works as a cushion and gliding surface to reduce friction

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8
Q

what is flexion?

A

The action of bending

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9
Q

what is extension?

A

increases the angle between the bones of the limb at a joint

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10
Q

What is Hyperextension?

A

excessive movement of a joint in one direction (straightening)

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11
Q

what is adduction

A

movement of a body part toward the body’s midline

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12
Q

What is abduction

A

movement of a body part away from the midline

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13
Q

What is elevation

A

raising a body part directly upwards

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14
Q

what is depression

A

the movement in lowering down of a body part

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15
Q

what is protraction

A

to protrude or stick out a part of the body

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16
Q

what is retraction

A

movement that results in the stuck out limb is moved back to its original position

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17
Q

what is pronation

A

roation of the forearm and hand so that the palm is down

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18
Q

what is supination

A

rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces forward or upward

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19
Q

what is dorsiflexion

A

the backward bending and contracting of your hand or foot

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20
Q

what is plantar flexion

A

extension of the ankle so that the foot points down and away from the leg

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21
Q

what is arthritis

A

swelling and tenderness of one or more joints

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22
Q

what is aponeurosis

A

thin sheath of connective tissue that helps connect muscle to bones

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23
Q

what is origin

A

the site where bone and muscle are attaches, but do not move during contraction

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24
Q

what is insertion

A

place where one end of a muscle is attached to the freely moving bone of its joint

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25
Q

what is a prime mover

A

responsible for generating the movement

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26
Q

what is a synergist

A

assist the “primary mover” for a specific action at the joint

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27
Q

what is a antagonist

A

muscle that opposes the action of another

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28
Q

what is perineum

A

the region below the pelvic diaphragm

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29
Q

what is synapse

A

small gap at the end of a neuron that allows a signal to pass from one neuron to the next

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30
Q

what is a synaptic knob

A

a terminal branch at the end of the post synaptic neuron, it contains neurotransmitters

31
Q

what is neuromuscular junction

A

a synaptic connection between the terminal end of a motor nerve and a muscle

32
Q

what is a neurotransmitter

A

chemical messengers that your body cant function without

33
Q

what is acetylcholine

A

important neurotransmitter that plays a role in brain functions ( memory, moving your muscles)

34
Q

4 major joint categories

A

Ball-and-socket joint, Hinge joints, Pivot joints, Ellipsoidal joints

35
Q

Effect of exercise on cartilage and synovial fluid in synovial joints

A

stimulates the release of synovial fluid into the joint cavity

36
Q

TMJ syndrome

A

Cause pain in your jaw joint and in the muscles that control jaw movement

37
Q

what is a rotator cuff

A

group of muscles and tendons that surround the shoulder joint, keeping the head of the upper arm bone bone firmly within the shallow socket of the shoulder

38
Q

What is a ACL

A

Tear or sprain of the anterior cruciate ligament

39
Q

Functions of muscles

A

movement, posture, joint stability and heat production

40
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

tissue fibers attached to your skeleton or bones and is responsible for all your movements

41
Q

Cardiac muscles

A

makes up the thick middle layer of the heart

42
Q

Smooth muscles

A

an involuntary, non-striated muscle

43
Q

What is Epicranius muscles

A

broad musculofibrous layer, which covers the whole of one side of the vertex of the skull, also called occipitofrontalis

44
Q

What is nasalis

A

Paired muscle that covers the dorsum of the nose

45
Q

What is mentalis

A

paired central muscle of the lower lip, situated at the tip of the chin

46
Q

What is orbicularis oris

A

muscle that surrounds the mouth and forms the lips, also enables you to pucker

47
Q

what is buccinators

A

the major facial muscle underlying the cheek

48
Q

what is masseter

A

muscle which runs though the rear part of the cheek from the temporal bone to the lower jaw on each side and closes the jaw in chewing

49
Q

what are the muscles that move the tounge

A

The genioglossus muscle that protrudes the tounge

the styloglossus muscle retrudes the tongue and elevates it lateral margins,

and the hyoglossus muscles retrudes the tongue and depresses its lateral margins

50
Q

what are the neck flexors

A

the sternocleidomastoids, longus colli and caoitis

51
Q

what are the neck extensors

A

semispinalis cervicis and multifidus

52
Q

Muscles of the repiration

A

the diaphragm, the rib cage muscles, and the abdominal muscles

53
Q

Muscles of the abdominal wall

A

External oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis

54
Q

What is the erector spinae

A

Deep muscles of the back

55
Q

What is the trapezius

A

a large superficial back muscle that resembles a trapezoid

56
Q

What is the latissimus dorsi?

A

broad, flat muscles occupying most of the lower posterior throax

57
Q

Muscles that involved in elbow flexion and extension

A

biceps, brachii, brachinoradialis, and the brachialis

58
Q

What is quadriceps

A

A group of muscles at the front of your thigh

59
Q

What is the satorius

A

Longest muscle in the body, spanning both the hip and the knee joints

60
Q

What are hamstrings

A

group of three muscles that run along the back of the thigh from the hip to just below the knee

61
Q

What are gastrocnemius

A

complex muscle that is fundamental for walking and posture

62
Q

Type of hernias

A

umbilical hernia, incisional hernia, spigelian hernia, inguinal hernia, femoral hernia, diaphragmatic herna

63
Q

What is the structural hierarchy of the skeletal muscle

A

collagen chains, collagen molecules, microfibrils, fibrils, collagen fibers, osteon network, and organization of osseous

64
Q

All the stages in muscle contraction

A

resting, exicitement-contraction, contraction, recharge, and relaxation

65
Q

What is action potential

A

triggers a sequence of actions that ultimately results the contraction and relaxation of the muscle fiber

66
Q

What is rigor mortis

A

A postmortem change resulting in the stiffening of the body muscles due to chemical changes in their myofibrils

67
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

a temporary oxygen shortage in the body tissues arising from exercise

68
Q

Why does oxygen debt happen

A

When there is not enough oxygen to keep up with the demand for energy

69
Q

What is isometric contraction

A

a muscle contraction without motion

70
Q

What is isotonic contractions

A

a contraction where the tension in the muscle remains unchanged despite a change in muscle length

71
Q

What type of respiration is used for ATP production in immediate term

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

72
Q

What type of respiration is used for ATP production in short term

A

Aerobic respiration

73
Q

What type of respiration is used for ATP production in long term

A

cellular respiration

74
Q

What the difference between fast twitch and slow twitch muscle fibers

A

slow twitch-supports long dostance endurance
fast twitch-supports quick powerful movements

anatomy (2 decks)

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