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GCSE PE > Applied Anatomy and Phsiology > Flashcards

Applied Anatomy and Phsiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 key functions of the skeleton?

A
  1. Production of red blood cells
  2. Mineral Storage
  3. Protection of vital organs
  4. Aid movement
  5. Muscle attachment.
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2
Q

What are long bones and what do they do?

A
  • Long bones are longer than they are wider.
  • They aid movement by working as levers.
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3
Q

What are short bones and what do they do?

A

Short bones are wider than they are longer.
They are weight bearing and provide support.

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4
Q

What are flat bones and what do they do?

A
  • Flat bones has a flattened, broad surface.
  • They provide protection and a broad surface for muscles to attach to.
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5
Q

What are irregular bones and what do they do?

A
  • Irregular bones have weird, complex shapes.
  • They provide protection and a place for muscle attachment.
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6
Q

Give examples of long, short, flat and irregular bones in the body along with examples of use:

A
  • ** Examples of long bones and their uses:**
    femur, humerus. {Work as lever to increase pace when kicking a ball.}
  • Examples of short bones and their uses:
    carpals and tarsals. {Supporting body weight in a headstand}
  • Examples of flat bones and their uses:
    cranium, ribs, scapula. {Cranium protects the brain if hit by a cricket ball}
  • Examples of irregular bones and their uses
    vertebrae. {muscles attached to vertebrae allow hockey player to bend his back while dribbling}
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7
Q

What are the 5 regions of the vertebral column?

A
  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacrum
  • coccyx
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8
Q

What is a joint?

A

Place where two or more bones meet. It is where movement can occur.

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9
Q

What are the different types of joints?

A

Hinge
Ball and Socket
Pivot
Condyloid

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10
Q

Give examples of hinge joints and the movement possible:

A
  • knee
  • elbow
  • ankle
    Movement at hinge joints:
  • flexion
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11
Q

Give examples of of ball and socket joints and the movement possible:

A
  • hip
  • shoulder
    Movement possible:
  • flexion
  • extension
  • rotation
  • circumduction
  • abduction
  • adduction
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12
Q

Give examples of pivot joints and the movement possible:

A

neck (atlas and axis)
Movement possible:
* rotation

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13
Q

Give examples of condyloid joint and movement possible:

A
  • wrist
    Movements possible:
  • flexion
  • cirumduction
  • extension
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14
Q

What is flexion?

A

when the angle at a joint decreases

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15
Q

what is extension?

A

when the angle at a joint increases.

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16
Q

What is abduction?

A

Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.

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17
Q

What is adduction?

A

Movement of limb towards the midline of the body.

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18
Q

what is rotation?

A

when the bone at a joint moves around its own axis, so making a circular movement.

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19
Q

What is circumduction?

A

movement in the shape of a cone. (360)

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20
Q

What is plantar-flexion?

A

movement of the foot townwards when you point your toes.

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21
Q

What is dorsi flexion?

A

Movement of the foot upwards towards the shin

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22
Q

What is a ligament?

A

fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.

  • help to keep joints stable
  • prevent unwanted movement that might cause an injury, such as a dislocation.
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23
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Tendons connect muscle to bone.

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24
Q

What are the 3 muscle types?

A

Cardiac, Involuntary and Voluntary

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25
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

Cardiac muscle forms the heart. It is unconsciously controlled.

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26
Q

What are inoluntary muscles?

A

Found in blood vessels and the stomach and intestines.
They contract slowly and rythmitically and are unconsciously controlled.

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27
Q

What are voluntary muscles?

A

Skeletal muscles that attach via tendors to the skeleton to allow movement. They are under conscious control.

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28
Q

What is anatagonistic pair?

A

Pairs of muscles that create opposing movements at joints. One contracts while the other relaxes to bring about movement.

29
Q

What are the different types of muscle fibres?

A

Fast Twitch: Type IIa and IIx
Slow Twitch: Type I

30
Q

Explain Type IIa muscle fibres and its advantages and disadvantages:

A
  • Produce high force
  • Moderate speed of contraction
  • Medium endurance

Adv:
* More resistant to fatigue than type IIx- for example 400m sprint
Disadv:
* Not as powerful as type IIx or as resistant to fatigue as type I

31
Q

Explain Type IIx muscle fibres and its advantages and disadvantages:

A
  • Produce very high force
  • Fast contracting
  • low endurance

Adv:
* Good for short, explosive actions requiring power, strength and speed- for example 100m sprint
Disadv:
* Only provide power for a very short time before becoming fatigued.

32
Q

Explain Type I muscle fibres and its advantages and disadvantages:

A
  • Produce low force
  • Slow speed of contraction
  • High endurance

Adv:
* Good in endurance activities to keep going without tiring- cross country
DisAdv:
* Do not produce much power.

33
Q

What are the 5 functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Transport of Oxygen
  2. Transport of Carbon Dioxide
  3. Transport of Nutrients
  4. Clotting of open wounds
  5. Regulation of body temperature
34
Q

What is blood?

A

The medium that gases, blood cells and nutrients are transported in.

35
Q

What are blood vessels?

A

The structures that carry the blood.
Veins, arteries and capillaries.

36
Q

What is the heart?

A

cardiac muscle which circulates blood around the the body by squeezing blood out of blood vessels each time it beats.

37
Q

Explain the structure and functions of arteries:

A

Structure:
* Thick, muscular and elastic walls
* small internal diameter

Functions:
* Carry blood from heart at high pressure.

38
Q

Explain the structure and functions of capillaries:

A

Structure:
* Very thin walls (one-cell thick)
* Small internal diameter

Functions:
* Link smaller arteries with smaller veins
* Carry blood at very low pressure

39
Q

Explain the structure and functions of veins:

A

Structure:
* Thin walls
* Large internal diameter
* Contains valves

Functions:
* Carry blood at low pressure towards the heart.

40
Q

What is the relevance of arteries in exercise?

A

Blood pressure increases during exercise as the demand for oxygen increases. This results in increased blood flow. Muscles in the artery wall contract and relax automatically.

41
Q

What is the relevance of capillaries in exercise?

A

Allow gasesous exchange. Wall are very thin to allow diffusion to occur and remove carbon dioxide and supply oxygen.

42
Q

What is the relevance of veins in exercise?

A

Veins carry deoxygenated blood from the muscles. The wide internal diameter allows blood to pass through more easily.

43
Q

What is vascular shunting?

A

Blood diversion from inactive areas to working muscles.

44
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

When internal diameter of blood vessels decreases to reduce blood flow to inactive areas.

45
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

When the internal diameter of blood vessels increase in order to increase blood flow to working muscles.

46
Q

What are the 4 main components of blood?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma

47
Q

What is plasma and why is it important?

A

It is the liquid component of the blood.
It flows through blood vessels allowing transportation of anything within it.
Can carry red blood cells within it, supplying oxygen for working muscles.

48
Q

What is lung volume?

A

refers to the capacity of the lungs. (how much air they can hold)

49
Q

What is Tidal Volume?

A

the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath.

50
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The maximum amount of air the lungs can expire after the maximum amount they can inspire.

51
Q

What is Vital Capacity made of?

A
  • Tidal volume
  • expiratory reserve volume
  • inspiratory reserve volume
52
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

maximum volume that can be exhaled.

53
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

maximum volume that can be inhaled.

54
Q

What is the structure of alveolis?

A
  • very tiny air sacs
  • very thin walls
  • surrounded by capillaries
55
Q

How does gas exhange occur from the alveoli to capillaries?

A
  • Alveoli has high concentration oxygen
  • cappillaries have low concentration of oxygen
  • Diffusion occurs as oxygen travels from alveoli to capillaries.
  • Capillaries gain oxygen from alveoli and transport it around the body.
56
Q

How does gas exchange occur from capillaries to alveoli?

A
  • Capillaries have high concentration of carbon dioxide
  • alveolis have low concentration of carbon dioxide
  • diffusion occurs and co2 travels from capillaries to alveoli
  • alveoli gains co2 and it is breathed out
57
Q

What is the energy source for aerobic activity?

A

Fats
* require oxygen to break down
* are slow to break down
* once broken down, give large quanitites ofenergy.

58
Q

What is the energy source for both aerobic and anaerobic exercise?

A

Carbohydrates
* do not require oxygen to break down
* do not give as much energy as fats do
* quicker and easier to break down therefore release energy more quickly than fats.

59
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise on the muscular system?

A
  • Accumulation of lactic acid
  • Muscle Fatigue
60
Q

What is muscle fatigue?

A

When the efficiency of the muscle drops, reducing the level of performance.

61
Q

What is lactate?

A

A chemical formed through anaerobic respiration

62
Q

What is lactate accumulation?

A

when the levels of lactate start to build up in the muscle tissue or blood.

63
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise on the CV system?

A
  • Increase in heart rate
  • Increase in stroke volume
  • Increase in cardiac output
64
Q

What is heart rate?

A

number of times the heart beats per minute

65
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

the amount of blood leaving the heart each beat.

66
Q

What is Cardiac Output?

A

Heart rate x Stroke Volume, amount of blood leaving heart per minute.

67
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise on the respiratory system?

A
  • increased rate of breathing
  • increased depth of breathing
68
Q

What is breathing rate?

A

number of breaths per minute

69
Q

What is recovery rate?

A

the time it takes for heart rate to return to resting rate.

GCSE PE (6 decks)

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