Applied - N2 Flashcards
1
Q
laser beam experiment
A
- florescent labels to make metaphase chromosomes blue and microtubules yellow
- bleached the dye out of a strip of microtubules to measure movements
- side closest to kinetochore shortens
- discovered that kinetochores break apart microtubules
2
Q
Cell fusion experiments (Johnson & Rao)
A
- fuse M-phase and interphase cells
- chromosomes in interphase cell condensed (started M-phase)
3
Q
Microinjection experiments (Markert & Masui)
A
- two frog oocytes, one with M-phase cytoplasm, other with Interphase cytoplasm
- M-phase cytoplasm cell has mitotic spindle (M-phase starts)
4
Q
cancer cell features
A
- large, variably shaped nuclei
- many dividing cells in disorganized fashion
- variation in size and shape
- loss of normal features
5
Q
normal cell growth
A
- anchor to dish surface
- divide until they form a single layer and maintain that single layer
6
Q
cancer cell growth
A
- grow clump of overlapping cells and do not anchor
- divide faster and uncontrolled
- no cell cycle regulation
- checkpoints are disrupted
7
Q
stages of cancer
A
- small tumor in original organ
- larger tumor, still not spread
- large tumor, spread to nearby tissues and lymph nodes
- tumor spread through the blood or lymphatic system to distant sites in the body
8
Q
chemotherapy drugs
A
- vincristine (from rosy periwinkle)
- taxol (from pacific Yew tree bark)
they act as anti microtubule agents (inhibit spindle fiber formation) to disrupt mitosis
9
Q
steve jobs the lad himself
A
- rare type of pancreatic cancer led him to find the Pim 1 biomarker for this type of cancer
- afinitor drug found to help
- pancreatic cancer immunotherapy development
