Appraise Flashcards
What is innumeracy
inability to deal comfortably with fundamental notions of number and chance
What do you need in order to interpret risk
numerator (how many people experience something) and denominator (how many people could experience something)
What is natural frequency
number that is more easily understood; no decimals
try to use whole numbers (1000, not 18)
Why are stats sometimes misused
to sensationalize, confuse, and oversimplify
low probabilities are overinflated, or denominators are left out
What is the framing effect
presentation and context of information given affects how it is received
People will choose the survival stat instead of the mortality stat
What is absolute risk
risk of getting a certain condition/experiencing a certain outcome
What is relative risk (risk ratio)
comparison of two absolute risks
If RR=1, risks are same size
If RR >1, numerator is higher risk
If RR <1, denominator is higher risk
What is absolute risk reduction
change in risk of an outcome of a given treatment in relation to a comparative one
What is relative risk reduction
absolute risk difference DIVIDED by risk of control group
-Can also subtract relative risk from 1
What is an odds ratio
odds of an event in exposed group / odds of event in unexposed group
What is best evidence compromised by
speed, profit, and expedience
What are the stages of drug development
Discovery: molecular development and research
Pre-clinical: lab/animal testing
Application (to FDA for human study)
Phase 1: humans! small #, measures safety dosage, max tolerated
Phase 2: assess safety and efficacy. larger group
Phase 3: very large trial, randomized
Phase 4: post-marketing studies to refine use in real world
What are the 4 pillars of medical ethics
respect for autonomy
beneficence (benefit)
non-maleficence (avoidance of harm)
justice
What should you always remember to ask
out of how many
over what period of time
What statistics to companies usually use
to report benefits: RELATIVE risk reduction (bigger #)
to report risks/ side effects: ABSOLUTE risk reduction
