approaches

Question 1

Outline Wundt’s aim

Answer 1

Aimed to describe the mind in a controlled scientific environment
(a lab)

Question 2

What is introspection?

Answer 2

The first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind

Question 3

Outline Wundt’s standardised procedures

Answer 3

Same standardised instructions given to all ppts
Stimuli (object/sounds) given in same order
EXAMPLE: ticking metronome given and ppts would record thoughts, images and sensations

Question 4

How did Wundt contribute to structuralism?

Answer 4

Introspection led to identifying structure of consciousness
3 basic structures: thoughts, images and sensations

Question 5

Strength of Wundt’s work

Answer 5

Scientific
Recorded within a controlled lab environment
Standardised procedures so all ppts received same info and tested same way
Research can be considered useful in later scientific approaches

Question 6

Limitation of Wundt’s work

Answer 6

Subjective
Relied on ppts itself- may have hidden some thoughts
Efforts to study the mind were naïve and wouldn’t meet scientific enquiry criteria

Question 7

Outline behaviourist approach aims

Answer 7

Focus on observable behaviour only
Relied on controlled lab studies
Use of non-human animals

Question 8

Classical conditioning

Answer 8

Pavlov
Learning through association
UCS=food UCR=salvating NS=bell
UCS—UCR
NS—NR
NS+UCS
CS—CR

Question 9

Operant conditioning

Answer 9

Skinner
Learning is an active process and behaviour is shaped/maintained through consequences
Rat pressed lever=rewarded with food (behaviour repeated)
If pressing lever meant avoiding electric shock, behaviour would be repeated

Question 10

Three types of consequences of behaviour

Answer 10

Positive reinforcement- rewarded after behaviour
Negative reinforcement- avoiding something unpleasant when behaviour is performed
Punishment- unpleasant consequence of behaviour