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Psychology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

What was Wilhelm Wundt known as?

A

Father of Psychology

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2
Q

What was Wundt’s approach to psychology ?

A

Study the structure of the human mind
Structualism = breaking down the mind
- Breaking down behaviour into elements

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2
Q

What is introspection?

A

Participants being asked to reflect on their own cognitive processes and describe them - way to investigate structualism
Wundt used it to investigate the human mind

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3
Q

What are the 2 evaluation points on introspection?

A
  1. Introspection relies on non-observable responses
  2. Introspection produced data that was subjective (experimental results are not that reliable)
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3
Q

What assumptions is the scientific method used to explore?

A
  1. All behaviour is seen as being caused (determined)
  2. If behaviour is determined, then it should be possible to predict how human beings would behave in different conditions (predictability)
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4
Q

Scientific method refers to the use of investigative methods that are…

A

Objective - not subjective
Systematic - fixed plan (step by step)
Replicable - should show same results if repeated exactly

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5
Q

How did Wundt establish psychology is a science?

A

By using the scientific method

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6
Q

Who developed the social learning theory?

A

Albert Bandura

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7
Q

What is the social learning theory?

A

Learning occurs through observation and imitation of others behaviour

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8
Q

What is the definition of modelling?

A

You are most likely to imitate the behaviour of people with who you identify with

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9
Q

What is the definition of identification?

A

The process of associating the self closely with other individuals and their characteristics or views

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10
Q

What is the role of mediational process?

A

Cognitive factors:
Attention - noticing behaviours
Retention - remembering behaviours
Motor reproduction - ability to preform the behaviours
Motivation - the will to preform the behaviour

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11
Q

Who conducted the Bobo doll experiment?

A

Albert Bandura

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12
Q

What was the aim and procedure of the Bobo doll experiment

A

Aim - investigate aggression in kids
Procedure - 2 groups - 1 watched a video of adults hitting a Bobo doll. The other group didn’t (control group)

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13
Q

What were the results and conclusion of the Bobo doll experiment?

A

Results - the kids who watched the adults, imitated the behaviour and even came up with new extreme ways to hit the doll
Conclusion - children imitate behaviour they observe, especially those they recognise as role models

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14
Q

What were the 3 evaluation points on the social learning theory?

A

. Over - reliance on evidence from lab studies
. Underestimates the influence of biological factors
. The importance of cognitive factors in learning

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15
Q

What is the definition of vicarious learning?

A

Learning through observation of the consequences of actions for other people

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16
Q

What are demand characteristics ?

A

Cues that might indicate the research objectives to participants

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17
Q

Who came up with the behaviourist approach ?

A

John B. Watson

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18
Q

What 3 points does the behaviourist approach state ?

A

. nearly all behaviour is learnt
. animals and humans learn in the same way
. the mind is irrelevant

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19
Q

What is conditional learning ?

A

response becomes more frequent or more predictable in a given environment, with reinforcement typically being a stimulus or reward

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20
Q

What is an unconditional stimulus and conditional stimulus ?

A

unconditional stimulus = stimulus that leads to an automatic response
conditional stimulus = stimulus that can eventually trigger a unconditioned response

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21
Q

What was Pavlov’s experiment ?

A

. Whenever Pavlov gave his dogs some food he would also ring a bell. After repeating this several times, Pavlov then tried ringing the bell without giving the dogs any food, bell alone caused salivation
. When dogs see food they salivate - automatic, unlearned response. The food is an (UCS) and the salivation is an (UCR)
. The bell has become a (CS) and salivation has become the (CR)

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22
Q

What is operant conditioning ?

A

a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behaviour

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23
Q

What is positive and negative reinforcement ?

A

Positive = when you give rewards for something you consider good behaviour
Negative = taking something away until behaviour improves

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24
Q

What is Skinner’s research ?

A

. Skinner box - food dispenser, lever
. rats are exploratory creatures - accidentally hits lever = gets food
. needed to encourage the rat to hit the lever again
. everytime the rat hit the lever they would get food

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25
Q

What is shaping ?

A

reinforcing successive approximations to the final target behaviour

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26
Q

What are the 3 evaluation points for the behaviourist approach ?

A

. Scientific credability
. real life application
. ethical and practical issues in animal experiments

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27
Q

What are the 3 principles of the cognitive approach ?

A

Our mental systems have a limited capacity
A control mechanism oversees all mental processes
There is a two-way flow of information

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28
Q

What is the principle ‘our mental systems have a limited capacity’ ?

A

the amount of information that can be processed will be influenced by how demanding the task is and how much other information is being processed

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29
Q

What is the principle ‘A control mechanism oversees all mental processes’ ?

A

this will require more processing power for the new tasks, leaving less available for everything else

30
Q

What is the principle ‘There is a two-way flow of information’ ?

A

we take in information from the world, process it and react to it. Use our knowledge and experiences to understand the world

31
Q

What research methods are used by cognitive approaches ?

A

Lab experiments
Field experiments
Natural experiments

32
Q

What is the cognitive approach and computer ?

A

As computers were developed in the 50s/60s, the analogy between the human brain and computer was formed, computer terms are used in cognitive psychology

33
Q

What are the similarities between human brain and computers ?

A

. Brain is described as a processor
. Some of the brain forms networks
. Some parts can work suquentially/parallel

34
Q

What are the differences between the human brain and computers ?

A

. Humans are often influenced by emotional/motivational factors
. Humans have free will whilst computers don’t
. Humans have unlimited but not reliable memory, computers have a limited but reliable memory

35
Q

What is a schema ?

A

Schemas are packages of ideas and information developed through experience. Act as a mental framework for the interpretation of incoming information received by cognitive process

36
Q

What are the 3 different types of schemas ?

A

Role Schemas
Event Schemas
Self Schemas

37
Q

What is a role schema ?

A

these are ideas about behaviour which is expected from someone in a certain role, setting or situation

38
Q

What is an event schema ?

A

these are also called scripts, contains information about what happens in a situation

39
Q

What is a self schema ?

A

contain information about ourselves based on physical characteristics and personality, as well as beliefs and values

40
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience ?

A

the scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes. Mapping brain areas to specific cognitive functions = long history in psychology

41
Q

What are lesion studies ?

A

looking at people with brain damage to see how behaviour is affected

42
Q

What is electrophysiology ?

A

using electric/magnetic fields to measure brain activity and waves

43
Q

What is neuroimaging ?

A

pinpointing areas of the brain which are active when tasks are preformed

44
Q

What are the 3 evaluation points for the cognitive approach ?

A

Scientific methods
Real - world application
Machine reductionism

45
Q

What is the biological approach ?

A

Everything psychological is at first biological, so to fully understand human behaviour, we must look at biological structures and processes within the body, such as genes and the nervous system

46
Q

What do Biological psychologists believe ?

A

. That the genes an individual possess influences their behaviour (evolution)

47
Q

What part does twin studies play in the biological approach ?

A

Twin studies are used to determine the likelihood that certain traits have a genetic basis by comparing concordance rates between pairs of twins

48
Q

What is a concordance rate ?

A

Term that is used in statistics and to describe the rate of probability that 2 people with shared genes will develop the same organic disease

49
Q

What is a genotype and phenotype ?

A

Genotype = the particular set of genes that a person possesses
Phenotype = the characteristics of an individual determined by both genes and the environment

50
Q

What procedures has the biological approach led to ?

A

Labotamy, drug therapys

51
Q

What are the strenghts of the biological approach (Evaluation)

A

. Scientific Methods
. Real - life application
. nature vs nurture

52
Q

What are the weaknesses of the biological approach (Evaluation)

A

. Deterministic view
. Reductionist

53
Q

What did Sigmund Freud do ?

A

. Pyschodynnamic Approach
. Developed the use of talk therapy - still used today
. Initially an advocate and user of cocaine

54
Q

What were the 3 levels of the mind ?
What analogy did Freud use to describe it ?

A

. Conscious, preconscious, unconscious
. Analogy of an iceberg

55
Q

What 3 parts did Freud split the personality into ?

A

. the ID, Ego, Super Ego

56
Q

What is the ID ?

A

. most basic part of personality, wants instant gratification for our wants and needs - if they aren’t met a person comes tense or anxious
. These wants are from the unconscious
. Personality of the newborn is all ID

57
Q

What is the Ego ?

A

. Works on a reality principle and is the mediator between the other 2 parts of the personality - develops around 2yrs
. It reduces conflict between the demands of the id and the super ego - employs a number of defense mechanisms

58
Q

What is the Super Ego ?

A

Formed at 5yrs - internalised sense of right and wrong
punishes the ego for wrongdoing - guilt

59
Q

What are the psychosexual stages ?

A

Freud claimed that child development occured in 5 stages. Each stage is marked by a different conflict that the child must resolve in order to progress. Any conflict that is unresolved leads to fixation where the child becomes ‘stuck’ and carries certain behaviours and conflicts associated with that stage thru adult life

60
Q

What 3 defence mechanisms do we have ?

A

Repression = forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind
Denial = refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality
Displacement = transferring feelings from the source onto a substitute target

61
Q

What is the oedipus complex ?

A

boy wants his mother as his ‘primary love object’ and wants his father out of the way

62
Q

What is the electra complex ?

A

girls experience penis envy; they desire their father, as the penis is the primary love object and hate their mother

63
Q

What are the 5 evaluation points of the psychdynamic approach

A

. Explanatory Power
. Untestable concepts
. Psychic determinism

64
Q

What is the humanistic approach ?
Who created it ?

A

. Concerned with explanations of healthy growth in individuals
. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

65
Q

What do humanistic psychologists say about free will ?

A

.Claim that human beings have free will - we are active agents who have the ability to determine our own development
. Reject scientific models. Believe that psychology should be about subjective experience rather than general laws - person - centred approach

66
Q

What is self actualisation and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs ?

A

Every person has an innate tendency to achieve their full potential - to become the best they can be - All 4 levels of the hierarchy must be met before the individual can work towards self - actualisation and fulfil their potential

67
Q

What is self actualisation ?

A

Self actualisation is the goal of living. People who self actualise a high degree of satisfaction from life. In a perfect world everyone would have a chance to self actualise

68
Q
A
69
Q

What is the self ?

A

Rogers argued that for personal growth to be achieved an individual’s concept of self must be equivalent to, or have congruence with their ideal self
. Self actualisation won’t be possible due to a large gap that exists between the 2 selves.

70
Q

What is congruence ?

A

When the self - concept and ideal self are seen to broadly accord

71
Q

What is incongruence ?

A

When persons ideal self isn’t consistant with what’s actually happening in life

72
Q

What type of therapy did Rogers create and why ?

A

. Client - centred therapy
. Reduce the gap between a persons ideal self and their current self

73
Q

What is conditions of worth ?

A

Key problem is that our natural potential for growth and development is distorted by conditions of worth
. Many children will only be valued by their family if they meet the conditions or demands their family makes them
. Children may believe that they will only be worthwhile and valuable person if they are successful in becoming what is expected - conditional positive regard

74
Q

What is unconditional positive regard ?

A

The bond between parent and children is not conditional on the child fulfilling potential demands

75
Q

What are the evaluation points for the humanistic approach ?

A

. Not reductionist
. Limited application
. Positive approach
. Cultural bias

Psychology (4 decks)

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