Approaches To Individual Change And Change Curve

Question 1

Explain the Kübler-Ross change curve

Answer 1

GoodNotes

Question 2

Give examples of tipping points

Question 3

What are the approaches of individual change? Meaning

Answer 3

developed during the 20th century; a part of sociological psychological research
external change triggering deeper psychological processes/reactions
basis for management theories -> implemented in organizations
answer questions about how to change and manage effective change

Question 4

What are the 4 approaches to individual change? Explain

Answer 4

Behavioural approach - operates with a system of reward and punishments
Cognitive approach - advocates changing the ways of thinking and setting clear goals
Psychodynamic approach - seeks a deeper understanding of psychological stages an individual goes through during the process of change
Humanist approach - subjective / whole awareness of individuals existence in a social and cultural context

Question 5

Of what consists the X and Y Theory of Mc Gregor? Why is it relevant ?

Answer 5

5 aspects
Attitude
Direction
Responsibility
Motivation
Creativity

It helps to determine whether a financial or non-financial reinforcement is needed for a X person it will be needed but for a Y person verbal reinforcement and the theory of motivation needs to be looked at
Good notes

Question 6

What is the Theory of motivation ?

Answer 6

Herzberg 1968
There are motivation factors and hygiene factors
GoodNotes

Question 7

Give the principles of behavioural change and two different conditionings

Answer 7

“How one individual can change another individual’s behavior using reward and punishment to achieve intended results…to elicit the preferred behavior the individual must be encouraged to behave that way, and discouraged from behaving any other way.”

Classical conditioning - Pavlov
Operant conditioning - skimmer

Question 8

Give the steps in planned behavioural approach

Answer 8

1. identification of behaviour / impact on performance
2. Measurements of those behaviours
3. functional analysis, identification of component parts
4. Strategy of intervention: financial or non-financial reinforcement
5. Evaluation of effectiveness

Question 9

Do you think conditioning can be harmful to individuals and why ?

Question 10

Give the principles of the cognitive approach

Answer 10

Belief system theory
cognitive theory
“Looking at old ways of thinking and replacing them
with new ways “
=> result/goal evented approach

“Our emotions and problems are a result of the way we think…By changing their thought processes, individuals can change the way they respond to situations. ”

Question 11

What are the techniques for changing belief system and performance ?

Answer 11

Positive listings Reframing
Rational analysis · Pattern breaking
Visualation Anchoring and resource state

Question 12

Could you name limitations of the cognitive approach for individuals and organisations ?

Question 13

Give the principle of the psychodynamic approach

Answer 13

Kibler-Ross model: terminally its patients -> Grief cycle
Change curve

“When facing change in the external world, an individual can experience a variety of internal psychological states [stages]…Useful for managers who want to understand the reactions of the staff [and their own] during a change process and deal with them.”

Question 14

Explain the stages of the grief cycle

Answer 14

Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance

Question 15

Give the stages of the change cycle

Answer 15

Shock
Denial
Frustration
Depression
Experiment
Decision
Integration

Question 16

How would employees react and what should middle management attempt to do to support the teams at each stage ?

Question 17

Give the principles of the humanist approach and what does it focuses on?

Answer 17

Maslow and the hierarchy of needs (asto
Gestalt approach to individual & organisational change

Combination of all three preceding approaches and creating its own. “Emerged as a movement in the US in the 1950s and 1960s” and going beyond the concern of rational mind, with concepts of love, creativity, growth, among others … suggesting that “what makes for more effective managers is their degree of emotional self-awareness and ability to engage with others on an emotional level.”

It focuses on subjective awareness of an individual
Taking responsibility
Significance of a person as a whole

Question 18

Do you think ‘true’ self-actualization is actually possible?
How do you think self-actualization is connected to the contemporary proliferation of social media?

Question 19

Explain the concept of resilience

Answer 19

the successful adaptation to life tasks in the face of social disadvantage or highly adverse conditions

key capability for managing change/stress
adjective related: optimism, focus, proactivity, opennels to idea

Question 20

What are reasons for the resistance to change ?

Answer 20

They are fear and habits

• learning anxiety
• survival anxiety

fear of temporarely incompetence
fear of punishment
fear of loss of personal identify
fear of loss of group membership

Question 21

What are resistance minimisation strategies ?

Answer 21

Minimisation strategies
a. Communication
2. Training and development
3. Employee involvement
4. Support and challenge
5. Negotiation or coercion as a last resort

Question 22

How can managers and agents facilitate change using each approach ( behavioural, cognitive, psychodynamic, humanist)?

Answer 22

Goodnotes

Question 23

Give examples on how to