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Classics > April Final > Flashcards

April Final Flashcards

1
Q

Equites

A 
imperial gladiator 
horsemen/knights
-only fought other horsemen
-opening act for gladiatorial combat 
-white tunics
-brimmed helmet
-manica (arm guard)
-sword
-shield
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2
Q

Provocator

A 
imperial gladiator 
challenger 
-non-brimmed visored helmet
-neck guard in back
-subligaculum = loin cloth
-greave on leg
-concave rectangular shield 
-breastplate (only type to have one)
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3
Q

Thraex

A 
imperial gladiator 
thracian - only ethnic type 
-curved sword = sica 
-small oblong shield 
-manica on right arm 
-brimmed helmet with griffin on top 
-extra long quilted leggings
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4
Q

Hoplomachos

A 
imperial gladiator 
"hoplite" 
-manica on right arm 
-extra long quilted leggings 
-small circular, concave shield 
-dagger and spear
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5
Q

Murmillo

A

imperial gladiator

  • helmet with angular crest
  • large oblong shield
  • sword thing
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6
Q

Retiarisu

A 
imperial gladiator
net man 
-not based on military garb 
-fuscina = trident 
-net
-dagger
-galerus = protector for shoulder 
-manica on left arm 
-greaves 
-had to rely on speed and agility to fatigue opponent
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7
Q

Secutor

A 
imperial gladiator 
pursuer/contraretarius
-opponent for retiarius
-same equipment as murmillo except helmet
-brimless helmet with 2 small eyeholes
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8
Q

subligaculum

A

loin cloth

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9
Q

manica

A

arm guard

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10
Q

sica

A

curved sword

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11
Q

parmalarii

A

cheer for gladiators with little shields
ie underdog
thraex, hoplomachos, retiarisu (no shield)

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12
Q

scutarii

A

cheer for gladiators with big shields

equites, provocator, murmillo, secutor

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13
Q

fuscina

A

trident

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14
Q

galerus

A

protector for shoulder

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15
Q

editor

A

person who pays for the games (munera)

during the imperial times was emperor

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16
Q

missio

A

release from death/forgiveness

missio requested by raising the left arm and left index finger (and some other gesture of defeat)

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17
Q

stans missus

A

released while still standing

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18
Q

missus

A

release while not standing i.e. dead

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19
Q

commodus’ death

A

had gladiatorial games in 192 and he participated

ended his munus with mock death of him - senators dressed in black and commodus’ helmet was taken out of the Porta Libitiensis (gateway of death)

commodus planned to kill the new consuls the day they took office dressed as a sector

senate, praetorian prefect and mistress conspired against him, they poisoned him

then his personal trainer strangled him in his bath

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20
Q

otium

A

leisure, free time, retirement

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21
Q

roman ball games

A

harpastum and trigon

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22
Q

harpastum

A

small ball game

ancient rugby possibly

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23
Q

trigon

A

3 players, each had a scorer and a ball boy

scorer counted missed catches and the winner was the player with the smallest score
i.e. you wanted to make it so others didn’t catch it

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24
Q

negotium

A

business i.e. opposite of otium

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25
Q

balnea

A

first roman baths
private establishment, open to public for a small fee
primary function = hygiene

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26
Q

thermae

A

large public baths
thermos = hot
heated using hypocaust

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27
Q

hypocaust

A

heating system
hupo = under
caust =burn

floor was raised above the ground, supported by “pilae stacks” - layers of tile and concrete

hot air supplied from a furnace would circulate under the floor and rise through tunnels in the walls, and out of flutes in the roof

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28
Q

first roman thermae

A

Baths of Agrippa 19 BCE

Apoxymenos of Lysippos statue stood on front

built by Agrippa, general to Augustus
originally had a hot air bath (i.e. sauna) and a cold plunge

given to people of of Rome in 12 BCE when Agrippa died

they were damaged in a fire in 80 CE and rebuilt

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29
Q

baths of titus

A

81 CE, built by titus

given as a gift from land of Nero (built in the park area of Nero’s Domus Aurea)

given to the people

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30
Q

baths of Trajan

A

built 104-109 CE by Trajan

largest baths in Rome at the time

may have included a library with section for greek literature and separate section for latin

31
Q

baths of Caracalla

A

211-217 CE, Caracalla’s reign as sole emperor (in 211 he has brother Geta killed)

designed as propaganda to win favour with the people

weren’t just baths, had gymnasia, shops, library (2nd bath with library in rome)

had roman copies of many greek sculptures, mosaic of victories roman athletes

32
Q

Neroneia

A

games in imitation of the greeks, started by Nero

60 CE and 65 CE, but ceased upon Nero’s death

had 3 parts - music, wrestling and horse racing

33
Q

capitoline games

A

86 CE

instituted by Domitian, honed capitoline Jupiter

held every 4 years

same structure as Neroneia (gymnic, equestrian, musical events), also included footraces for women

34
Q

Synods/synodoi

A

professional athlete guilds

35
Q

iselastic games

A

greek iselasis - formal entry into the city, through the wall

when a city has victors, there is no need for walls

victors got stipends

36
Q

types of greek games

A

7 crown games/stephanitic games

iselastic games

ecumenical/iso-games (i.e. iso-olympics)

privately funded games

37
Q

7 stephanitic games

A

(crown games)

capitoline games
actaian games 
sebastan games in Naples 
olympic games, olympia 
pythian games 
nemean games
isthmian games
38
Q

Lucian

A

satirist from 2nd century

wrote Anacharsis , mockery of ancient athletics, while explaining its logic

39
Q

Solon

A

mythic reformer of Greece

anacharsis-sythian wise man

major contributions:
-abolished all debts for athenian citizens (including debt slavery)

-divided athenian citizens into 4 classes based on wealth and production of agriculture
pentakosiomedimnoi (500)
hippeis (300)
zeugitai (200)
thetes (<200)

-prevented export of all agricultural products, except olive oil

40
Q

Hippocrates of Cos

A

founder of western medicine
460-370 BCE

first major physician to attribute diseases to natural causes rather than the gods

characterized illnesses as acute, chronic, endemic, epidemic

hippocratic oath written after his death

41
Q

humoral theory

A

Galen’s understanding of anatomy and medicine

body has 4 humours, which vary in quantity in the body and determine levels of health and mental disposition

humours are sanguine, choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic

42
Q

Galen of Pergamon

A

129-200/216 CE

humoral theory

wrote Protrepticus - “exhortation to study the artd”
tuche vs techne ie chance vs skill

43
Q

different levels for practitioners of techno around the god in protrepticus

A

nearest the god:
geometers, mathematicians, philosophers, doctors, astronomers, scholars

2nd level:
painters, sculptors, grammarians, carpenters, architects

3rd level:
all other forms of technai

44
Q

is gymnastike a techie according to galen’s protrepticus?

A

no

45
Q

two types of techne

A

mental and manual

manual give out when the practitioner reaches old age

46
Q

philostratus

A

172-250 CE

part of the second sophist movement

47
Q

gymnaticus

A

written by philostratus

is in response to Galen’s attack on athletics

gymnastics claims that athletics (gymnastike) is not just a skill (techne), but a form of wisdom/knowledge (sophia)

48
Q

tetrad training system

A

4 day cycle, the way athletes were trained

preparation = short intense day

intensity = long intense day

rest day

mediate day = establish new base line of performance

philostratus criticizes it because Gerenus died from coach forcing him to stick to the tetrads after he stopped to relax bc he won the olympics

49
Q

how is gymnastike described in gymnastics by philostratus?

A

gymnastike is a sophia combined from the technai of medicine and paidotribike (physical education of the young)

50
Q

roman spectacle and persecution of christians

A

first with nero - tunica molesta

tunica molesta = wrap people in animal skins and throw to dogs

damnatio ad bestas - roman spectacle where they persecuted christians

51
Q

under who did christianity become the official religion of the roman empire?

A

emperor constantine

52
Q

how do ancient greek competitions end? (i.e. the olympics)

A

intolerance of polytheistic religion

destruction of temples by Constantine, then theodosius I and II

53
Q

popular end date for the olympics

A

394/393 CE

based on Credenus, Byzantine Historian from 11th century CE

games ceased when theodosius I died

but it seems that the games continued and only religious ceremonies ceased

statue of olympic zeus was moved to constantinopole (Istanbul) to the palace of Lausus (early use of greek religions iconography as art)

54
Q

alternative end date for the olympics

A

450 CE

at the time of death of Theodosius II, when a fire caused the Eleans to abandon the site

55
Q

what happened in 521/551 CE?

A

earthquakes caused olympiad to be completely abandoned

56
Q

what happened to roman spectacle in the era of christianity?

A

gladitorial combat (munera) decreased in popularity

chariot racing increased in popularity and became an empire-sponsored spectacle (i.e. teams were no longer owned by private factions)

chariot racing continued into Constantinopole (new capital of Roman empire starting with Constantine) until Crusades (1204 CE)

57
Q

porphyrius

A

famous byzantine charioteer

first charioteer to have victory monument while still living

58
Q

greek war for independence

A

1821-1833

philhellenism throughout europe = love of greece
i.e. Lord Byron
many aristocrats took up arms for the war

59
Q

1st call for olympic revival

A

Panagiotis Soustas - Dialogue of the Dead

1833

60
Q

2nd call for olympic revival

A

Panagiotis Soustas - Ruins of Sparta

1851

61
Q

3rd call for olympic revival

A

Panagiotis Soustas - Greece’ glory through sport vs London’s power of industry

62
Q

what happened in 1850

A

William Penny Brookes holds sporting event of “Olympic class” in England, but not revival per se

was local

63
Q

Zappas Olympics

A

official revival

1859

Zappas funds the entire revival of the games

64
Q

Other olympic-inspired events held in england and athens

A

have a games where only english compete in Liverpool

a London “olympics” but is a moonier success

65
Q

What does Brookes propose in 1880?

A

first international olympics

Pierre de Coubertin eventually takes up Brookes’ pursuit for International Olympics

66
Q

When is the IOC created and what decision do they make?

A

1894 Congress of Paris creates IOC and decides to hold first Olympics in Athens 1896

Demetrios Vikelas of Greece is the first president of the IOC

67
Q

Major events at first modern olympics

A

Athens 1896

marathon victor was Spyridon Louis from Greece

first unofficial female marathoner was Stamata Revithi

first discuss won by Robert Barrett who trained with a 10 kg discus

fencing was the only event that allowed professionals to compete

68
Q

when was the first official female olympic marathon?

A

1984

69
Q

medals at 1896 olympics

A

1st place was silver, olive branch and diploma
2nd place was copper, laurel branch and diploma

medals had zeus holding nike on one side and the acropolis on the other

70
Q

did coubertin want females in the olympics? when were the first female competitions?

A

no he didn’t

first female competitions 1900

71
Q

example of life imitating greek art

A

eugene sandow as the farnese heracles

72
Q

when were the nazi olympics

A

1936

73
Q

when did germany excavate olympia

A

1875-1881

74
Q

describe Leni Riefenstahl’s Olympia

A

documentary of the 1936 olympics

  • begins with ruins in athens, statues, morons discobolus and german athlete
  • torch race (invention of 1936 olympics) either symbol of world peace or nazi propaganda
  • victoria of jesse owens - highlighting problems of racism in germane AND the USA (hitler didn’t snub me, FDR did) -> he was black

Classics (5 decks)

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