Atomic Structure

Question 1

Structure of the Atom

Answer 1

Nucleus with protons and electrons with electrons orbiting

Question 2

Relative Charge of a Proton

Answer 2

1+

Question 3

Relative Charge of a Neutron

Answer 3

0

Question 4

Relative Charge of an Electron

Answer 4

1-

Question 5

Relative Mass of a Proton

Answer 5

1

Question 6

Relative Mass of a Neutron

Answer 6

1

Question 7

Relative Mass of an Electron

Answer 7

1/2000

Question 8

What the Mass Number represents

Answer 8

The total number of Protons and Neutrons in the Nucleus of an Atom

Question 9

What the Atomic (Proton) Number represents

Answer 9

Number of Protons in an Atom
This identifies an element

Question 10

Definition of an Atom

Answer 10

The smallest part of an element that can exist

Question 11

Definition of an Ion

Answer 11

A Charged Particle

Question 12

Definition of an Isotope

Answer 12

Isotopes of an Element are atoms with the same number of Protons but different number of Neutrons

Question 13

Description of John Dalton’s Atom

Answer 13

Solid Spheres

Question 14

Description of J.J Thompson’s Atom

Answer 14

The Plum Pudding Model
A Sphere containing small negative charges

Question 15

Description of Ernst Rutherford’s Atom

Answer 15

A small positive charge surrounded by multiple small negative charges
Alpha Particles Fired at thin sheet of Gold

Question 16

Description of Bohr’s Atom

Answer 16

Electrons exist in fixed orbits and not anywhere in between
Each shell is a fixed energy
When an electron moves between shells electromagnetic radiation is emitted or absorbed
Because he energy of shells is fixed, the radiation will have a fixed frequency

Question 17

The name of the model of the Atom we use today

Answer 17

The Quantum Model

Question 18

Definition of Relative Atomic Mass (Ar)

Answer 18

The average mass of an atom of an element on a scale where an atom of Carbon-12 is exactly 12

Question 19

Definition of Relative Isotopic mass

Answer 19

The mass of an Isotope of an element on a scale where an atom of Carbon-12 is exactly 12

Question 20

Definition of Relative Molecular Mass (Mr)

Answer 20

The average mass of a molecule on a scale where an atom of Carbon-12 is exactly 12

Question 21

Definition of Relative Formula Mass

Answer 21

The average mass of a formula unit on a scale where an atom of Carbon-12 is exactly

Question 22

Description of 2 Types of Ionisation in Mass Spectrometry

Answer 22

1. Electrospray- the sample is dissolved in a solvent and pushed through a small nozzle at high pressure. a high voltage is applied to it, causing each particle to gain a H+ Ion. the solvent is then removed, leaving a gas made up of positive ions
2. Electron Impact- the sample is vaporised and an ‘electron gun’ is used to fire high energy electrons at it. this knocks one electron off one each particle, so they become 1+ ions

Question 23

Description of Acceleration in Mass Spectrometry

Answer 23

The positive ions are accelerated by an electric field
This gives the same kinetic energy to all the ion
Lighter ones experience greater acceleration, and the heavy lesser acceleration

Question 24

Description of Ion Drift in Mass Spectrometry

Answer 24

The ions enter a region with no electric field
They drift through at the same speed as they left the electric field

Question 25

Description of Detection in Mass Spectrometry

Answer 25

Because lighter ions travel through the drift region at higher speeds, the reach the detector in less time
The detector detects the current created when the ions hit it and records how long they took to pass through the spectrometer
This data is then used to calculate the mass/charge values needed to produce a mass spectrum

Question 26

Number of Orbitals and Maximum Electrons for S Sub-shell

Answer 26

Number of Orbitals= 1
Maximum Electrons= 2

Question 27

Number of Orbitals and Maximum Electrons for P Sub-shell

Answer 27

Number of Orbitals= 3
Maximum Electrons= 6

Question 28

Number of Orbitals and Maximum Electrons for D Sub-shell

Answer 28

Number of Orbitals= 5
Maximum Electrons= 10

Question 29

Number of Orbitals and Maximum Electrons for F Sub-shell

Answer 29

Number of Orbitals= 7
Maximum Electrons= 14

Question 30

The Sub-shells in each shell (1st-4th)

Answer 30

1st- 1s
2nd- 2s 2p
3rd- 3s 3p 3d
4th- 4s 4p 4d 4f

Question 31

Definition of Electron Configuration

Answer 31

The number of electrons that in an atom or ion

Question 32

Electron Configuration of Argon (Ar-18)

Answer 32

1s(2) 2s(2) 2p(6) 3s(2) 3p(6)

Question 33

Electron Configuration of Chromium (Cr-24)

Answer 33

1s(2) 2s(2) 2p(6) 3s(2) 3p(6) 3d(5) 4s(1)

Question 34

Electron configuration of Copper (Cu-29)

Answer 34

1s(2) 2s(2) 2p(6) 3s(2) 3p(6) 3d(10) 4s(1)

Question 35

The order that Sub-shells fill in

Answer 35

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 4d 4f

Question 36

Definition of First Ionisation Energy

Answer 36

The energy needed to remove 1 electron from each atom in 1 mole of gaseous atoms to form 1 mole of gaseous 1+ Ions

Question 37

Equation for the First Ionisation Energy of Oxygen

Answer 37

O (g) -> O+ (g) + e-

Question 38

The 3 factors that affect Ionisation Energy

Answer 38

1. Nuclear Charge
2. Distance from nucleus
3. Shielding

Question 39

Definition for Second Ionisation Energy

Answer 39

The energy needed to remove an electron from each Ion in 1 mole of gaseous 1+ Ions

Question 40

The equation for the Second Ionisation Energy of Oxygen

Answer 40

O= (g) -> O2+ (g) + e-

Question 41

The Trend in First Ionisation Energy down Group 2

Answer 41

Decreases

Question 42

The Trend in First Ionisation Energy across Period 3

Answer 42

Generally Increasing
Dips at:
Al- outer electron in 3p rather that 3s, so outer electron further from nucleus
S- has an electron pair in 3p which repel