Atomic Structure

Question 1

In the nucleus, there is…

Answer 1

Neutrons and protons

Question 2

Most of the mass in the atom is because?

Answer 2

Nucleus (protons and neutrons)

Question 3

How do electrons move?

Answer 3

In orbitals

Question 4

The orbitals in an atom take up?

Answer 4

Most of the volume

Question 5

The diameter of the nucleus is what compared to the rest of the atom?

Answer 5

Very small

Question 6

What is the relative mass and charge of protons?

Answer 6

1 and +1

Question 7

What is the relative mass and relative charge of a neutron?

Answer 7

1 and 0

Question 8

What is the relative mass and charge of an electron?

Answer 8

1/2000 and -1

Question 9

What does the mass number tell you?

Answer 9

Total number of neutrons and protons

Question 10

What does the atomic number tell you?

Answer 10

The number of protons

Question 11

For neutrally charged atoms, what can we say about the number of protons and neutrons?

Answer 11

They are equal

Question 12

If they atom is charged, what can we say about the number of protons and electrons?

Answer 12

They are unequal

Question 13

In a positively charged ion, there are

Answer 13

More protons than electrons

Question 14

In a negatively charged ions, there are

Answer 14

More electrons than protons

Question 15

Define isotope

Answer 15

Atoms with the same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons

Question 16

Do isotopes have the same chemical properties? Why?

Answer 16

Yes

The same number and arrangement of electrons i.e the same electron configuration

Question 17

Do isotopes have the same physical properties? Why?

Answer 17

No, but only slightly

Depends on mass of an atom

Question 18

Examples of how physical properties of an isotopes differ

Answer 18

Different densities, rates of diffusion

Question 19

What was Dalton’s model of an atom like?

Answer 19

Solid spheres

Different spheres make up the different elements

Question 20

What was Thompson’s model of the atom like?

Answer 20

Came up with the ‘plum pudding’ model
Discovered electrons
Electrons were surrounded by positively charged ‘pudding’

Question 21

What was Rutherford’s model of an atom like?

Answer 21

Tiny positively charged nucleus surrounded by a ‘cloud’ of negative electrons. Most of the atom was empty space

Question 22

How did Rutherford prove that Thompson’s plum pudding model was wrong?

Answer 22

Through the gold foil experiment

Question 23

If Thompson’s model was right, what would the experiment shown? Explain why

Answer 23

That all of the alpha particles would be deflected

The positive alpha particle would be repelled by the positive atom

Question 24

What actually happened during the gold foil experiment?

Answer 24

Most of the particles went straight through the foil with only a small number being deflected backwards

Question 25

What was Rutherford's model called?

Answer 25

Nuclear model of the atom

Question 26

What was wrong with Rutherford's model?

Answer 26

The cloud of electrons would collapse into the nucleus, causing the atom to dissipate

Question 27

What did Bohr propose in his model?

Answer 27

That electrons are split into orbitals of fixed energy.

Question 28

What happens when an electron moves across a shell?

Answer 28

Electromagnetic radiation is absorbed or emitted

Question 29

When an electron is moving to a shell closer to the nucleus, then...

Answer 29

Electromagnetic radiation is emitted

Question 30

When an electron is moving to a shell that is further away from the nucleus, then...

Answer 30

Electromagnetic radiation is absorbed

Question 31

Atoms are made up of?

Answer 31

Protons, neutrons and electrons

Question 32

How do you work out whether electromagnetic radiation is emitted or absorbed during the movement of electrons?

Answer 32

The arrows go in opposite directions

Question 33

Why is Bohr's original model wrong?

Answer 33

Not all electrons in a shell have the same energy level

Question 34

How has Bohr's model been refined?

Answer 34

Now includes subshells.

Question 35

Despite Bohr's model not being completely correct, why is it still used?

Answer 35

Simple and explains many experimental observations

Question 36

Define relative atomic mass

Answer 36

The average mass of an atom of an element, taking in consideration abundance and isotopes, in comparison 1/12th of a carbon-12 atom

Question 37

Define relative isotopic mass

Answer 37

The mass of an atom of an isotope of an element compared with 1/12th of a carbon-12 atom

Question 38

Define relative molecular mass

Answer 38

The average mass of a molecule, taking into consideration abundance and isotopes, compared with 1/12th of a carbon-12 atom

Question 39

Explain the first step of electrospray ionisation

Answer 39

The sample is dissolved in a polar solvent and pushed through a capillary needle at high pressure. A high voltage is applied to it, causing the particles to lose an electron. The ionised particles are separated from the solvent, leaving a gas of positive ions

Question 40

Explain the second step of time of flight

Answer 40

All the ions are accelerated by an electromagnetic field, giving each ion the same kinetic energy as the rest. This means that ions with a smaller mass/charge ratio are more accelerated as they are lighter

Question 41

What happens during the third stage of time of flight?

Answer 41

The ions leave the electromagnetic field at a constant speed and a constant kinetic energy and therefore continue through the drift region in the same state

Question 42

What happens in the forth region?

Answer 42

Ions with lower mass/charge will reach the detector first. The detector records the current created when the ion hits it and the amount of time the ion takes to travel through the spectrum, which is then used to create a mass spectrum

Question 43

Why must the time of flight have a vacuum?

Answer 43

So that the gas sample particles do not collide with other particles and distort the results

Question 44

What is the difference in time of flight method using electro bombardment?

Answer 44

They use an electro gun to remove an electron of the atom

Question 45

How is a current created in time of flight?

Answer 45

The electron is given back to the ion

Question 46

What are the two problems with electro bombardment?

Answer 46

Fragmentation | The removal of more than one electron

Question 47

What is electro spray used to analyse?

Answer 47

Large bio molecules | Polar organic molecules

Question 48

What polar solvents are used in electro spray?

Answer 48

Water, methanol, or both

Question 49

What is the current used in electro spray?

Answer 49

4000 volts

Question 50

What is the fancy word for ionised spray?

Answer 50

Nebulise

Question 51

How is the solvent evaporated?

Answer 51

Through the high voltage

Question 52

What is the fancy word for solvent evaporation?

Answer 52

Desolvation

Question 53

Why is the sample dissolved in a polar substance?

Answer 53

Provides the H+ ion

Question 54

Each shell is given what help use identify it?

Answer 54

Principal quantum number

Question 55

As the shell furthers from the nucleus, the principal quantum number _________ and the energy __________?

Answer 55

Increases and increases

Question 56

Each individual shell is divided into?

Answer 56

Subshells

Question 57

What are the types of subshells?

Answer 57

S, P, D, F

Question 58

How many orbitals does the S subshell have? And how many electrons can it hold?

Answer 58

1 and 2

Question 59

How many orbitals in the p subshell? And how many electrons can it hold?

Answer 59

3 and 6

Question 60

How many orbitals are there is the p subshell? And how many electrons can it hold

Answer 60

5 and 10

Question 61

How many orbitals are there in the f subshell? And how many electrons can it hold?

Answer 61

7 and 14

Question 62

How many electrons can each individual orbital hold?

Answer 62

2

Question 63

How do we write short hand electron configuration?

Answer 63

The last noble gas in square brackets and additional subshells listed after

Question 64

What are the two elements that do not form normal electron configuration? Why?

Answer 64

Chromium and copper | They donate one of their 4s electrons to the 3D orbital, because it is more stable with a full or half-full 3D orbital

Question 65

When transition metals become an ion they...

Answer 65

Lose their electron from the 4s orbital before their 3D orbital

Question 66

The S block elements lose their outer electrons

Answer 66

to form positive ions with an inert gas configuration

Question 67

Those in the p block gain electrons

Answer 67

To form negative ions with inert gas configuration

Question 68

Those in group 0 have...

Answer 68

A full outer shell so they are inert

Question 69

What are the three ways electron configuration can be shown

Answer 69

Subshell notation Arrows in boxes Energy level diagram

Question 70

What are the three rules to working out electron configuration

Answer 70

Electrons fill up the lowest energy subshell first Electrons fill orbitals in a sub-shell singly before they start sharing For ions, add or remove the electrons from the highest occupying sub-shell