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huda chem > Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table > Flashcards

Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table Flashcards

1
Q

What is an atom?

A

An atom is the smallest part of an element that can exist.

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2
Q

What is an element?

A

An element is a substance that consists of only one type of atom.

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3
Q

What is a compound?

A

A compound is two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions.

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4
Q

What is a mixture?

A

A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together. It has the same chemical properties.

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5
Q

What 5 methods can be used to separate mixtures?

A

Filtration
Simple Distillation
Crystallisation
Fractional Distillation
Chromatography

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6
Q

What is not required to separate mixtures?

A

A chemical reaction.

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7
Q

Roughly how many elements are there and how are they presented?

A

100 and they’re presented on a periodic table.

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8
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A molecule is a substance made of more than one atom held together by covalent bonds.

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9
Q

What is filtration used for?

A

Filtration is used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid.

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10
Q

What equipment is needed for filtration?

A

Filter Paper
Filter Funnel
Conical Flask

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11
Q

How does filtration work? (3 steps)

A

1.Pour the mixture into the filter paper.
2.The liquid passes through the tiny pores in the filter paper.
3.The solid material can’t pass through the filter paper so they are trapped.

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12
Q

What is crystallisation used for?

A

Crystallisation is used to separate a soluble solid from a liquid to keep the solid.

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13
Q

How does crystallisation work?

A

1.Leave the solution for a few days.
2.The water evaporates.
3.Crystals are left behind.

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14
Q

How can we make crystallisation faster?

A

Gently heating the solution to evaporate the water. Should be done gently because certain chemicals will break down if we heat them.

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15
Q

When is an aqueous solution formed?

A

When a substance dissolves in water.

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16
Q

What is a solute?

A

A substance that dissolves in a solvent. Together they form a solution.

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17
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The liquid in the solution.

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18
Q

What does soluble mean?

A

A substance which can dissolve.

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19
Q

What does insoluble mean?

A

A substance that can’t dissolve.

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20
Q

What is simple distillation used for?

A

Simple distillation is used to separate a dissolved solid from a liquid to keep the liquid.

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21
Q

How does simple distillation work?

A

1.Evaporate the liquid by heating it.
2.This turns it into a vapour.
3.Condense the vapour back to a liquid by cooling.

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22
Q

Describe the plum pudding model?

A

The atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electron embedded in it.

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23
Q

Describe the Bohr/Nuclear model and how it came about?

A

The nuclear model suggests that electrons orbit the nucleus at specific distances (shells) - it came about from the alpha scattering experiment.

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24
Q

What did the work of James Chadwick provide evidence for?

A

The existence of neutrons in the nucleus.

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25
Q

What were atoms thought to be before the discovery?

A

Tiny spheres that could not be divided.

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26
Q

What were the results from the alpha scattering experiment?

A

It led to the conclusion that the mass of an atom was concentrated at the centre (nucleus) and that the nucleus was charged. This nuclear model replaced the plum pudding model.

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27
Q

How did Niels Bohr adapt the nuclear model?

A

He suggested that electrons orbit the nucleus at specific distances.

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28
Q

Describe the structure of an atom?

A

The atom has a small central nucleus (made up of protons and neutrons) around which there are electrons.

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29
Q

State the relative charges of protons, electrons and neutrons.

A

Protons - +1
Electrons - -1
Neutrons - 0

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30
Q

State the relative masses of protons, electrons and neutrons.

A

Protons - 1
Electrons - very small
Neutrons - 1

31
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The number of protons in an atom.

32
Q

What is the mass number?

A

The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.

33
Q

Why are atoms chemically neutral?

A

They have the same number of protons and electrons.

34
Q

What is the radius of an atom?

A

0.1nm

35
Q

What is the radius of a nucleus and what is that compared to that of the atom?

A

1 x 10^-14m and 1/10000

36
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atoms of the same element (same proton number) that have a different number of neutrons.

37
Q

What is relative atomic mass?

A

The relative atomic mass is an average value that takes account of the abundance of the isotopes of the element.

38
Q

What are ions?

A

Ions are charged particles. They are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.

39
Q

Compare the boiling/melting point of metals and non metals?

A

The boiling and melting point is higher in metals than non metals.

40
Q

Compare the conductivity of metals and non metals?

A

The conductivity is heat and electricity in metals and none in non metals except graphite.

41
Q

Compare the appearance of metals and non metals?

A

Metals are shiny, non metals are dull.

42
Q

What is malleability?

A

Substances can be bent or hammered into shape without shattering.

43
Q

Compare the malleability of metals and non metals?

A

Metals are malleable whereas non metals are brittle.

44
Q

Compare the density of metals and non metals?

A

The density is high in metals and low in non metals.

45
Q

Compare the oxides of metals and non metals?

A

The oxides are basic in metals and acidic in non metals.

46
Q

What is formed when a metal reacts with a non metal?

A

An ionic compound (made up of positive and negative ions). The atoms transfer electrons between each other.

47
Q

What is formed when a non metal reacts with a non metal?

A

A molecular compound containing covalently bonded atoms. The atoms share electrons as opposed to transferring electrons between each other.

48
Q

What are the columns in a periodic table called?

A

Groups

49
Q

What are the rows in a periodic table called?

A

Periods

50
Q

Are elements in the same group similar or different?

A

They may have similar chemical properties as they have the same number of outer shell electrons.

51
Q

How are elements in the periodic table arranged?

A

In order of atomic (proton) number so that the elements with similar chemical properties are in columns (groups).

52
Q

How were the elements in the periodic table arranged previously? What problem rose from this?

A

In order of their atomic weights. The table was incomplete and some elements were placed in inappropriate groups.

53
Q

How did Mendeleev overcome the problem of elements being placed in inappropriate groups?

A

Mendeleev left gaps for elements that he thought had not been discovered and in some places changed the order based on atomic weights.

54
Q

What are group 0 elements known as?

A

Noble gases.

55
Q

What makes the periodic table periodic?

A

Similar properties of elements occur at regular intervals.

56
Q

Knowledge of ______ made it possible to explain why the order based on atomic weights was not always correct?

A

Isotopes.

57
Q

Majority of elements are…?

A

Metals.

58
Q

Elements that react to form positive ions are..?

A

Metals

59
Q

Elements in group 1 are known as…?

A

The alkali metals.

60
Q

3 characteristics of alkali metals?

A

All have one electron in their outer shell.
Have low density
Soft

61
Q

Where are metals found on the periodic table? Non metals?

A

Metals - left and bottom of periodic table.
Non metals - right and top.

62
Q

What are noble gases?

A

Unreactive gases that do not easily form molecules because their atoms have stable arrangements of electrons. The noble gases have 8 electrons in their outer shell except for helium which has 2.

63
Q

What happens to boiling points of the noble gases?

A

The boiling points increase with increasing relative atomic mass.

64
Q

What happens to the reactivity in group 1?

A

Reactivity of the elements increases going down the group.

65
Q

How do group 1 elements react with water?

A

They release hydrogen and form hydroxides which dissolve to form alkaline solutions. They react vigorously with water fizzing and moving around on the surface of water.

66
Q

What are group 7 elements known as?

A

Halogens

67
Q

Why do the halogens have similar reactions?

A

They all have similar reactions because they all have 7 electrons in their outer shell.

68
Q

5 characteristics of group 7?

A

7 electrons in their outer shell.
Coloured vapours.
Diatomic molecules.
Form ionic salts with metals.
Form molecular compounds with non metals.

69
Q

What is a diatomic molecule?

A

Two atoms covalently bonded in a molecule.

70
Q

State 3 changes that occur in Group 7 as one moves down the group?

A

Higher relative atomic mass
Higher boiling and melting point
Less reactive

71
Q

Compare group 1 metals with transition metals?

A

Group 1 metals and transition metals are heat and electricity conductors. They are shiny when polished and form ionic compounds with non metals.
Transition metals have a higher density and higher melting point than group 1 metals. They are also less reactive and harder than group 1 metals.

72
Q

3 characteristics of transition metals.

A

Ions with different charges.
Coloured compounds
Catalytic Properties.

73
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A catalyst is a chemical substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction. It is not used up over the course of the reaction.

74
Q
A

huda chem (10 decks)

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